英语论文网

[11],经常出现的有:
(1).动词预设
从逻辑-语义角度,有叙实动词(factive verbs)、非叙实动词(non-factive verbs)、含蓄动词(implicative verbs)、状态变化动词(change-of-state verbs)、评价动词(verbs of judgements)。
a.非叙实动词如wish, mean to,dream, imagine, pretend,suppose,表达与事实相反的事情,如:
W: Mr Jones, your student, Bill, shows great enthusiasm for music instruments.
M: I only wish he showed half as much for his English lessons.(2001.6. No.4)
从wish一词可得出Jones对英语不感兴趣。
b.上下义动词蕴含某种意义,如manage暗含“try”,forget暗含“should have done something”或者“have done something”,revise, correct, rewrite暗含not perfect等。如:
W: Have you finished reading my research report? I put on your desk last week?
M: Yes, but you have to revise some part of it, I m afraid, if you want to get it published.(1997.6, No.2)
c.状态变化动词预设状态变化前后的情况,如get,turn, begin, come, transfer, arrive, cease, stop, continue, enter, finish, go, leave,等。
W: Oh, it s so cold. We haven t had such a severe winter for so long, have we?
M: Yes, the forecast says it s going to get worse before it warms up.(2000.6, No.9)
Get worse预设天气持续冷下去。
d.评价动词表示谈话者的态度、信念、意图,如:sorry,praise, criticize, doubt等。
M: Would you get me through to Dr. Lemon please?
W:I m sorry. He s with a patient.(2000.1/10)
通过sorry表示对请求的拒绝。
(2)指称the, this, you等一般预设人或事物的存在,如:
M: Congratulations! I understand you’ve got a job. When will you start to work?
W: You must be thinking someone else. I m still waiting to hear the good news.(96.6, No.2)
说a job预设工作可能存在,而说the news,the three-bedroom house预设确实存在。
(3)限定词或形容词的预设词语如:just, only, next, again,another, back, either, even, besides, like, relatively, too等。
M: I d better read one of the articles for our political science class.
W: You can tread just one. They say each presents a different theory.(2000.1, No. 4)
Not just one, different预设更多。
(4)通过also, yet, even,等副词蕴含、预设一定的寓义。如:
W: I heard you got a full mark in maths exams. Congratulations!
M: Thanks! I m sure you also did a good job.(2001.6. N0.1)
男子的回答,also预设女子也参加了考试,从而暗示两人是同学关系。
(5)带有wh-疑问词的句子,预设动作的存在。
W: Hi, Jane, Do you have some change? I have to make a call on the pay pho本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。