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When they were gone I went and had a look at the bedroom which had been got the ready for our guest, and saw that all was straight. (W. Collins: The Moonstone P25)
[16] By this time the equipage of the strolling company was arrived at the village, which, it seems, had been apprized of our approach and was come out to gaze at us. (O. Goldsmith: The Vicar of Wakefield P95)
众多的语言事实,不能不引起人们的适度关切。为了便于讨论,本文将这些同类情形统称为Be Come现象。

 

三、两种语言实体的比较和结论
Be Come现象和系-补结构在句法上迥然不同。请观察以下比较:
[A1] The boys are / seem/ appear/ look excited.
[B1]*The boys are / seem/ appear/ look come.
[A2] We found the boys excited.
[B2]*We found the boys come.
[A3] It was excited that the boys were.
[B3]*It was come that the boys were.
[A4] Excited were the boys who had been invited to go.
[B4]*Come were the boys who had been invited to go.
[A5] The boys are very/ so/ extremely excited.
[B5]The boys are come.
比较的结果表明:1.系-补结构中的系词容许其他系词的替换(见[A1]),而Be Come现象中的Be不能(见[B1]);
2.系-补结构中的补语能出现在其他的补语位置上(见[A2]),而Be Come现象中的Come不可(见[A2]); 3.作为结构成分,补语可以进入分裂句式接受强化(见[A3]),而BeCome现象中的Come却不行(见[B3]);4.系-补结构的倒装情形极其自然(见[A4]),而Be Come现象仍然不容许(见[B4]);5.能否被强化副词修饰也表明系-补结构与BeCome现象大相径庭(见[A5][B5])。为了确认上述比较意义的有效性,有必要作两点重要的补充说明:
1.《教程》援引的三例并非同类现象。
在例A中,我们看到的的确是系-补结构.此处的Gone是完全形容词化了的-ed分词,包括The American Heritage Dictionary(1976)在内的许多辞典都把它作为形容词收录。既然是系-补结构,倒装的发生当然合理。
例B是典型的Be Come现象,自不必说。
例C中的assembled的确也是补语,但它是及物动词,正在完成常见的及物动词-ed分词的句法功能。
2.本文援引的例[15]黑体部分中的-ed分词与《教程》例A中完全形容词化的Gone有着根本的区别,词意亦相距甚远,因此属于Be Come现象。
五项比较的结果因此表明:Be Come不具备系-补结构的任何句法特征。我们认为:Be Come不具备也不可能具备系-补结构的任何句法特征,因为它只能作为一个语言试题而系-补结构却包含两个语言单元构件!按照结构主义观点,系-补应是结构(structure)而Be Come则为成分(constituent);按照生成语法理论,系-补结构由动词短语改写规则生成,而Be Come的实现则应服从词缀附着规则。于是系-补结构与Be Come现象在我们已完成的测试中才表现出令人注目的差异。
请观察以下的比较:
[A6]*The boys had excited.
[B6] The boys had come.
[A7](《教程》例A)*Gone forever had the days when the imperialists could ride roughshod over the Chinese people. [B7](本文例[15])When they had gone I went and had a look at the bedroom which had been got ready for our guest, and saw that all was straight. (W. Collins: The Moonstone P25)
这次比较的结果表明:Be Come现象能接受Have Come的替换,意义无损但系-补结构却无论如何不行。我们以为,这次比较的意义不仅在于能够毫不含糊地区分Be Come现象和系-补结构而且让笔者产生了一个大胆的假设:把BeCome现象理解为英语完成体的第二型如何?

 

四、“二型之说的合理性”
不少语言在实现英语完成体意义表达时是有两种形态的。现代法语是如此(过去时):
[型1]J’ai déjàlu ce livre.
(I’ve already read this book.)
(ai=have)
[型2]Le facteur est passé, et voila votre corrier.
(The postman has passed by and here are your mails;est=is)
现代德语也如此:(完成时)
[型1]Ich habe ein Buch gekauft.
(I have bought a book)
(habe=have)
[型2]Er ist in Kino gegangen.
(He has gone to the cinema.)
(ist=is)
两型的选用并非任意。现代德语语法明确规定:表示状态改变和地点改变的不及物动词使用第二型(Renate Luscher: Deutsch 2000):
[型2]Sie ist Lehrerin geworden.
(She has become a teacher.)
[型2]Meine Eltern sind heute geokommen.
(My parents have come today.)
这一条件正是英语Be Come现象的基本特征,与《教程》的理解不谋而合。我们以为,这种特征的吻合决非偶然。众所周知,英语是属于拉丁语支的法语的近邻。“诺曼底征服”后法语如何极大丰富了英语的词汇,无须在此赘述。
就语法而言,法语十分活跃的词缀(-age,-able,-ess,-ment,-ance等)早已成为现代英语的强大构词手本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。