留学生英语毕业论文范文节选 [7]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-09-18编辑:yangcheng点击率:15281
论文字数:8277论文编号:org201409072322371581语种:中文 Chinese地区:新加坡价格:免费论文
关键词:新加坡留学生论文Economics Essay可持续发展经济发展
摘要:本文是一篇新加坡留学生论文,研究的目标是住房和城市资金可持续发展,对于亚太地区来说,城市化、经济增长、贫困和环境恶化多因素制衡,再加上经济泡沫的影响,城市化的进行任重道远。
ent, housing finance and formulation of housing policies. Thus, the public ownership is divided into 3 subsectors which are; the public new housing sector, the housing development Board and the Housing development Board executive condominium market.
Kant (2003: 34) pointed out that the private owner occupier housing market accommodates less than 10% of the total number of households. There is an indication of rising private housing stock, which increased from 14% in 1989 to 18.1% in 1999. The private sector receives comparatively less subsidies from the Government and thus is less regulated_
The bulk of Mexico’s housing subsidies come in the form of below-market interest rates – off budget subsidies mainly provided by Institute del Fondo National de la Vivienda para los Trabajadores (INFONAVIT) (a fund financed by a compulsory 5 per cent contribution from all private-sector workers). In 2000, interest rates subsidies from INFONAVIT amounted to an estimated US$2.2 billion (based on the net present value of the implicit interest rate subsidy for the life of the loans originated in 2000, with the implicit interest rate subsidy being the difference between the actual interest rates and an estimate of the real rate on government funds)._
The highest subsidies are offered on a per credit basis and increase to US$9000 per borrower. Although all formally employed households pay into these pension funds in principle, the subsidies go mainly to the moderate-income households who can afford to take mortgages necessary for a commercially produced finished house. These below-market interest rates
account for about 75 per cent of all mortgages
The bulk of Mexico’s housing subsidies come in the form of below-market interest rates – off budget subsidies mainly provided by Institute del Fondo National de la Vivienda para los Trabajadores (INFONAVIT) (a fund financed by a compulsory 5 per cent contribution from all private-sector workers). In 2000, interest rates subsidies from INFONAVIT amounted to an estimated US$2.2 billion (based on the net present value of the implicit interest rate subsidy for the life of the loans originated in 2000, with the implicit interest rate subsidy being the difference between the actual interest rates and an estimate of the real rate on government funds). [24]
The highest subsidies are offered on a per credit basis and increase to US$9000 per borrower. Although all formally employed households pay into these pension funds in principle, the subsidies go mainly to the moderate-income households who can afford to take mortgages necessary for a commercially produced finished house. These below-market interest rates
account for about 75 per cent of all mortgages.
2.7. MORTGAGE FINANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA
The preconditions for the mortgage model are that houses have exchange value. and are easily traded, so banks can use them as security for a high-value, long-term mortgage, and that borrowers can make regular repayments out of a predictable income stream. These conditions, however, do not hold for South Africa’s low-income majority.
South African banks are undeniably correct that they cannot extend mortgage finance to the informally employed, low income majority, most of whom do not even have bank accounts. What is only beginning to be understood is that mortgage lending at the botto
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