英语论文网

gationwas at best dubious…在例(4)里,New York Post报道有关肯尼迪总统袭击案发生时的两个情况:一个是袭击总统的事件发生在一段从肯尼迪总统的寓所通往海滨的楼梯上;另一个是当时肯尼迪总统正半裸着和另外一个女人嬉戏着,追来跑去。作者选择“details”的目的只是为了概括这两个情况的命题内容,并未掺杂个人的评价。
3.2“言外行为”名词是某些表示交际行为的动词的名词化形式,根据Searle (1976)对执行言外行为的行事动词(performative)的划分,我们将这些名词分为四大类:阐述类,如asser-tion,statement;指令类,如request,advice,order;承诺类,如pledge,proposal,promise;表达类,如demand,apology,congratulation。在例(4)中,作者除了用detail外,又用alle-gation来指称那两件小事。作者认为New YorkPost报道那两件小事时使用的话语有言外之意,执行了一项言外行为,即阐述了该报的观点。但是作者没有用assertion,statement或其他与allegation同属于阐述类的名词,因为作者认为该报道缺乏依据,有待证实。也就是说,作者既认为对方在宣告某些事情,又认为这不是实际情况。可以看出,作者的观点未必与记者报道该事时的意图一致。3.3“语言活动”名词指的是那些用来指称语言活动或活动结果的名词,包括comparison,contrast,debate,definition, description, dispute, il-lustration,squabble,summary,verdict等。(5)“I have never approved of this garage pro-ject. Mere folly. You must give it up.”“Can’t I, Sir. I have promise .I can’t let oldBadge down. He is countingonme.”Thediscussionproceeded…“The discussion”不是指上面一段话的内容,而是指这一段话体现的语言活动。在作者看来,这两个说话人之间正在进行一场讨论,也可以换用argument,这完全取决于他的世界经验。
3.4“心理过程”名词指表达认知状态、过程和结果的名词,包括assessment,attitude,be-lief,conviction,opinion,position,thought,view,vi-sion等。(6) At a press briefing in London during theinaugural meeting of the bank’s board of governors,Henning Christophersen, vice-president of the Eu-ropean Commission, said,“The EBRDmust not be apolitical institution, but plainly and simply a bank.”This viewcontrasted with that of JacquesAttali,the president of the bank’s role as politicaland economic.“This view”指的是Henning的想法,“EBRD绝不能是家政治机构,它完完全全是家银行”,这是他心理认知活动的结果。
3.5“语篇”名词指表达语篇句法结构的名词,如phrase,sentence;或语言形式结构的名词,如excerpt,page,paragraph,section,quotation等。(7)“Project are also introducing changes inteaching styles. Increasingly these are geared to-wards providing students with the opportunity to de-velop initiative, motivation, problem- solving skillsand other personal qualities. Central to this ap-proach is the transfer to students themselves of theresponsibility for managing their own learning andapplying their own knowledge.”That quotationcomes not fromthe Plowden re-port, but from the Technical and Vocational Educa-tion Initiative review of 1985. Is it very differentfromwhatwe found in the best primary school?另外,作者在选择指称语段名词词组的中心名词时也会受到个人态度的影响。

作者在“客观”地保留语段的概念意义的同时,根据个人的态度增加该语段的人际意义,在语法上体现为最终选择评价名词,还是中性名词。同一段话的内容作者可用中性名词conversation概括,也可以用带有贬义的个人感情色彩的词,如debate,甚至attack来指称。当然,作者也可以采取在中性名词前添加评价形容词的方法来表明个人态度,如例(8)所示:(8)Anthony Burgess thinks heroworship is pe-cul本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。