英语论文网

摘要：McCarthy says that if someone programs a computer to do something no computer has ever done before or writes a paper pointing out that the computer did it the paper is not giving any direction to the identification and study of the intellectual mechanism and often contains coherent accounts of how programs work.

for the future of AI research.

The first version of a new program The General Problem Solver(GPS) was tested In 1957.

McCarthy was busy developing a major breakthrough in AI history and in 1958 he announced his new development, the LISP language which is still used today. LISP stands for List Processing and was soon adopted as the language of choice among most AI developers.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) received a 2.2 million dollar grant from the United States government in 1963 to be used in researching Machine-Aided Cognition (artificial intelligence). The Department of Defence’s grant to advanced research projects Agency (ARPA) was to ensure that the US would stay ahead of the Soviet Union in technological advancements. The project served to increase the pace of development in AI research, by drawing computer scientists from around the world.

After a few years many programs were developed, one notably was SHRDLU which was part of the micro world’s project. This consisted of research and programming in small worlds such as with a limited number of geometric shapes.

Turing Test:

The brilliant British Mathematician Alan Turing played a great role in the development of the computer. The imitation game known as the Turing test was devised by Turing as method for deciding whether the computer program was intelligent or not. In other words can computers think?

The Turing test takes place between two subjects and an interrogator, where the interrogator communicates with his two subjects via a computer terminal and decide which one is a human being and which is a computer program without seeing either of the subjects or speaking to them. The human being helps the interrogator to make the correct identification whereas the computer program attempts to trick the interrogator into making the wrong identification. If the latter case occurs, the computer program is said to be exhibiting intelligence.

[Example of Turing Test]

For an example the Interrogator may ask both subjects to do a mathematical calculation assuming that the computer will get it correct and be more accurate than the human. To counter this strategy the computer needs to know when it should fail to get a correct answer to the problem and appear to be like a human. To find out the human’s identity on the basis of emotion the interrogator may ask both subjects to respond to a poem for example which needs the computer to have knowledge in connection of the emotional makeup of human beings to get the correct response.

The great advantage of the Turing test is that it allows the interrogator to evaluate almost all of the evidence that we would assume to constitute thinking. In 1954 a decade before conversation simulators such as ELIZA emerged Alan Turing died and It is indeed unfortunate that he did not live to witness his test being performed.

Competitions in AI:

Abbadingo:

The Abbadingo One Deterministic Finite Automata Learning Competition was organized by two of the authors (Lang and Pearl mutter) and consisted of a set of challenge problems posted to the internet and token cash prizes of $1024.

The organizers had the following goals:
&nb