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论文作者:英语论文论文属性:职称论文 Scholarship Papers登出时间:2014-03-07编辑:caribany点击率:10054
论文字数:4309论文编号:org201403061521401025语种:中文 Chinese地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:exchange rateeconomical variablesfiscal policyinternational policyexchange rate systems
摘要:In general, most international economists today state that the benefits of integrating into world financial system and liberalization of financial markets exceed the risks of instability, and the future is promising greater perspectives for the countries whose financial system is based on the floating exchange rate system. 一般来说,现在大多数国际经济学家都宣称,融入世界金融体系和货币市场的好处大于风险,金融市场的不稳定,未来对国家更有前景金融系统是基于浮动汇率制度。
Introduction 引言
An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is exchanged on another one. This rate differs from country to country and depends on many economical variables, the main of which are the general balance and disbalance of economy, monetary and fiscal policy, the state of the budget, international policy, the condition and development of the country’s economy compared to the world situation and dominating countries, purchasing power of the currency, and other internal and external factors.
汇率是一种货币交换另一种货币。这种比率因国家的不同而不同,取决于许多经济变量。主要是经济的总体平衡和不平衡,货币和财政政策,政府的预算,国际政策的条件和国家经济的发展对世界形势和支配国家相比,人民币的购买力和其他内部和外部因素。
The history of world exchange rate systems shows us that the world community (in its majority) has in fact shifted from the system of fixed exchange rates to floating exchange rate system. Currently there exist different combinations of floating and fixed exchange rate systems, together with specific economical instruments, created for exchange rate regulating.
世界汇率系统的历史向我们表明,国际社会(在其多数)实际上从固定汇率制度转变为浮动汇率制度。目前存在不同的浮动和固定汇率系统,组合在一起与特定的经济工具,创建汇率调节。
1.1. Commodity money
Since the development of production and a number of divisions of labor there existed such a phenomenon as commodity money. There was no other monetary system until 17th century when there appeared coins having an intrinsic value, not linked with commodity. Usually the value of the coin was associated with the content of gold in the coin. The exchange rate between different coins and different currencies depended on the content of gold in the coin as well, and equaled to the relative content of gold in the coins.
1.2. Paper money
In 17th century banks started issuing own banknotes which had the same purchasing power as coins and were backed by precious metals in the banks. People could convert these banknotes into precious metals if they wished so. It is important to note that this backing was not 100%.
1.3. The gold standard