宏观经济理论 [3]
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论文字数:2714论文编号:org201405311134484688语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:宏观经济理论Macro Economic Theorymicro economic theory微观经济理论Marginal costs
摘要:As far as micro economic theory is concerned, marginal concepts are utilized primarily in order to explicate several different forms of optimizing behavior. For example, while customers are stated to be maximizing their utility or their satisfaction, companies are stated to be maximizing their profits.
an important component in a marginal analysis theory, is the variable that can be changed as required. For example, the control variable may be the quantity of a good that one buys, or it may be the quantity of the output that one would be able to produce, or it may refer to the quantity of an input that one uses in order to produce the output. Marginal analysis in this context concentrates on the aspect of whether or not one must take the risk of increasing the control variable by one single unit or not. Experts define the process in which to conduct an effective and efficient marginal analysis: first and foremost, it is important to define the control variable involved. Second, one must identify what the increase in the total benefits would become, if one were to add one more unit of the control variable. This can be explained as the ‘marginal benefit’ of the added unit. Third, one must be able to determine what the increase in the total cost would be, if one were to add one more unit of the control variable. This would comprise the ‘marginal cost’ of the newly added unit
Fourth, if it were found that this unit’s marginal benefits were to exceed or at the very least, to equal its marginal costs, then it must be added. One may be able to apply economic theories of marginal costs and marginal benefits in a practical manner to a typical consumer purchase decision making process. At the outset, it must be remembered that a consumer makes several types of economic decisions on a daily basis, in which he makes decisions on how he must spend his limited or scarce income on the acquisition of goods and services. He would be faced with deciding whether he must spend all his available resources on goods or services, or whether he must save some of his income so that he would be able to finance some of his needs of his future. When he is taken as a labor resource, he must make the decision whether he must use his time in working for his pay, or whether he must spend it on sleeping and other leisure time activities. Similarly, when he is a labor resource, he must decide how much of his time he must spend on education, so that he may be able to maximize his life earnings. On the other hand, if he were an entrepreneur, then he must make the decision on how many people he must hire, or how much he must spend on acquiring a new product or service, which would help him increase production. In short, it is obvious that all economic decisions yield certain benefits to, and also at the same time impose certain costs on the decision maker involved in the decision making process. If the decision maker were to follow a simple rule, which is: continue to engage in a particular activity, as long as the marginal benefit seems to be greater than or equal to the marginal costs.
The best and optimal decision would take place when the marginal benefits were to equal marginal costs, thereby enabling the decision maker to make the best use of the resources that he has at his disposal when he has made his decision. Another example of the practical application of economic theory and marginal analysis would be that of the agricultural researchers and analysts of Florida who have used economic analysis in the decision making process that they have had to indulge in when they had to decide whether to use alternative agricultural technologies that would improve their income. This can be compared to previous years when agriculturi
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