摘要:本文是分析储蓄和投资的经济作用的一篇留学生经济学论文,储蓄和投资是宏观经济学的两个关键元素。储蓄和投资这一术语有时让我们困惑,我们使用时经常互换这些术语。所以储蓄和投资的概念应该了解清楚。
ities
The gross domestic product is both total income in an economy and the total expenditure on the economy's output of goods and services. GDP (denoted as y) is divided into four components of expenditure: consumption (C) investment (I) government purchases (G) and the net exports (NX) we write-
Y=C+I+G+NX
We simplify our analysis by assuming that the economy we are examining is closed. A closed economy is one that does not interact with other economies. A closed economy does not engage in international trade in goods and services. Therefore net exports (NX) are also zero. In this case we can write-
Y=C+I+G
To see what this identify can tell us about financial market subtract C and G from both sides of this equation. We obtain-
Y-C- G =I
The left side of this equation (Y-C-G) is called national saving or just saving and is denoted S. substituting S for Y-C-G. We can write the last equation as-
S=I
This equation states that saving equals investment.
We can then write national saving in either of two ways:
S=Y-C-G
Or, S= (Y-T-C) + (T-G)
In particular, the second equation separates national saving into two pieces: private saving and public saving.
Private saving: The income that householders have left after paying for taxes and consumption. That is-
Private saving = Y-T-C
Public saving: The tax revenue that the government has left after paying for it's spending.
Public saving= T-G
Page No- 8The government receives T in tax revenue and spends G on goods and services. It T exceeds G the government runs a budget surplus. Otherwise if the government spends more than it receives in tax revenue than G is larges than T it is Called budget deficit.
Now consider how these accounting identities are related to financial market. The equation S=I reveals an important fact: For the economy as a whole, saving must be equal to investment.
SSaving Function: The saving function relates saving to disposable income. Because what is saved equals what is not consumed, saving and consumption schedules are mirror images. we can understand saving function with the help of following diagram.
Disposable income
The horizontal axis shows the disposable income and vertical axis shows the net saving whether is or positive in amount. The saving schedule is derived by subtracting consumption from income. Graphically the saving function is obtained by subtracting vertically the consumption function. At point A saving function below the zero line, Where net saving is -200. At point B is the breakeven where disposable income is $ 25000 but net saving is o.
Similarly, point C,D,E,F,G disposable income are 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000 and Net saving are 200,400,600, 800, 1000.
Marginal propensity to save: The marginal propensity to save is the extra saving generated by an extra dollar of disposable income.
That is - MPS=1- MPC
Declining saving Rate:- Although consumption behavior tends to be stable over time, the personal saving rate decreases for many reasons. These are-
Page No- 9*Social security system. Some economists argued that the social security system has removed
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