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摘要：马来西亚论文代写，英语论文网马来西亚作业The 19 th century to drop, people's participation is mainly through the party needs to realize. The purpose of the modern political parties have also is to organize the people to participate, will the society when its ramifications personal and clique's appeal for specific policy appeal integration, and realization.

大党，尼赫鲁家族也是通过家族势力的渗透，长期将党的实际权力控制在手里。从尼赫鲁、英迪拉。甘地，到拉吉夫。甘地和索妮亚。甘地，尼赫鲁－甘地家族的持久影响绝不仅仅是家族威望的简单延续，而更多的是权力体制上的连续性。
Again, bureaucratic long-term ruling party is the tradition. October 25, 2001, Singapore people's action party nomination in the campaign, in 11 set constituencies not met his match, that won all 84 seats in 55 seats, 10 go-round in power. This is since 1991, the people's action party third in the opposition no more than half of the seats in the election, won in the nomination, holding the ruling, is also the Singapore since independence in 1959, the party in power for 32. A long-term ruling party is not a local or accidental phenomenon. The professional group such as Indonesia suharto regime, Malaysia's "umno", Indian congress, there are more than ten years of constant government experience.
Can the ruling status in the long-standing bureaucratic party, in general are to the state and national independence and development had a illustrious meritorious service. Many political parties to play as the "father of his country" role, is they constantly propaganda, encouraging and struggle to promote the nationalism and national consciousness of growth, make many tribes, the Indian native states, tribes together, jumped into the modern sense of the country. At the same time, as poor countries of modernity in rare political resources, these parties has also played the education reform, the society, to coordinate the interest conflict, given the current regime in some legitimacy and the important role in achieving essential elements of political modernization.

　　再次，官僚型政党具有长期执政的传统。2001年10月25日，新加坡人民行动党在竞选提名中，在11个集选区中没有遇到对手，仅此就赢得所有84个议席中的55席，第10次蝉联执政。这是1991年以来，人民行动党第三次在反对党没有竞选半数以上议席的情况下，在提名日就赢得蝉联执政，也是自1959年新加坡独立以来，该党连续第32年执政。一党长期执政绝不是一个局部或偶然的现象。类似印度尼西亚的苏哈托专业集团政权、马来西亚的“巫统”、印度的国大党，都有数十年以上不间断的执政经历。

　　能够在执政地位上长期存在的官僚型政党，一般说来都对国家和民族的独立和发展立下过赫赫功勋。许多政党扮演的是“国父”的角色，是他们不断的宣传、鼓动和斗争促进了民族主义与国家意识的生长，使许多部族、土邦、部落联合起来，一跃而成为现代意义上的国家。同时，作为落后国家中罕见的现代性政治资源，这些政党还起到了教育群众、改造社会，协调利益冲突，赋予现政权以某种合法性等重大作用，成为实现政治现代化所必不可少的要素。

　　困境与挑战

　　但是，官僚型政党毕竟是应时代的特殊要求而产生的，它并不能有效地执行政党最重要的功能-组织参政，并由此引发了一系列的社会和经济问题。

　　首先是由于权力过于集中，官僚型政党承担了过于沉重的责任。发展中国家积累了上百年的问题，要在短时间内全部解决绝无可能。但由于执政党大权独揽，农业歉收、商业萧条、交通不畅等原本应由社会自己解决的问题当然也就成了政府的事情，问题恶化就很容易失控。印度尼西亚的经济在苏哈托和专业集团党的领导下保持了30多年的增长，而在经济形势逆转之后，国家几乎在一夜之间就步向崩溃。

　　其次，因权力的集中所带来的腐败现象，破坏了这些政党执政的合法性。设在德国的国际透明组织（Transparency International）2000年《腐败直觉指数》（Corruption Perceptions Index CPI）表明，印度尼西亚在该国际组织所调查的90个国家中位居第85（最腐败的尼日利亚位居第90位）。国际关系学者庞中英曾描述其在印度尼西亚的见闻，“腐败是触目惊心的，小到日常办事的‘有钱能使鬼推磨’，握有大大小小权力的公职人员公开索要金钱，在经济活动中‘处处有贪污’，大到从中央到地方的‘金钱政治’。谈到腐败与金钱政治，印度尼西亚人耳熟能详的词语是KKN（corruption，collusion and nepotism，本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。