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chance to leave the communism. The recorded numbers
are between 30 000 to 100 000 emigrants a year, mainly Germans.
Ø 1993 to 1997 -the outflow of Germans continues but at a much lower level of 18 000
emigrants a year. It is also argued in the research paper that 1997 represents the end of
temporary migration and the start of a period when people permanently emigrate.
Ø 1998 to 2003 -the flow of emigrants was less than 18 000 mainly to U.S.A and other
European countries. During this period the entrance of Romania into the Schengen
space opened new opportunities for Romanians.
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Furthermore the paper also describes a series of factors that are recognized to favourise
population outflows from a country. It specifies a series of social and economic factors like:
people’s sex, age, education level and the national rate of unemployment.
· Scale, Diversity and Determinants of Labour Migration in Europe
This article will play a significant role in the Romanian case research making a contribution
to the methodology used and to answering the hypotheses questions. From the
methodological point of view the authors estimated the factors that influence international
migration through an OLS equation. The regression equation used in the model covers
factors like sex, age, marital status, place of origin, skill level, education and likeliness to
migrate. After estimating the equation the authors present the factors that turned out to be
statistically significant at the 5 per cent significance level, like: age, marital status, education,
people from rural area and emigrants influenced by other that are already abroad.
In addition it also makes reference to specific migratory trends. It argues that countries that
find themselves in transition are more likely to have migration issues but it also specifies the
factors that do not favourise the outflow of people from a country. There are factors like age,
education and marital status which are presented to be indirectly proportional with the
number of emigrants.
Furthermore a significant prediction is made by Boeri and Brücker (2001) who argue that by
2030, 3.5 per cent of the population from Central and Eastern Europe will migrate to the
west. Under the assumption of free-mobility this prediction might be plausible but if there is
excellent understanding of the factors that determine migration this phenomenon could be
stopped to the benefit of their countries of origin.
· Macro-economic Determinants of International Migration in Europe
This is an important research paper with a potential significant impact on the dissertation’s
conclusions.
Firstly it presents the determinants of international migration, some of which will be covered
by the Romanian case dissertation as well, like: social and economic factors. There are also
specified indicators like unemployment rate as the spare human capacity and GDP or GDP
per capita as being productivity indicators.
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Furthermore is argued in this research paper that formulas for estimating international
migration exist and are reliable. A first equation used will be I=

where ‘w0’
represents the wage in the country of origin, ‘wi’ the wage earned abroad and ‘c’ the
migration costs. If the equation turns out to be positive then migration is likely to occur and if
negative outflows of populat