英语论文网

rgues  that  validity  is  the  most  important  standard  for  checking the  test  quality  and  it  is  the  basic  concern  of  developing  a  test  (Jin,  2006). Traditionally,  validity  is  defined  as  whether  or  to  what  extent  a  test  tests  what  it intends to test. As the appearance of Messick’s Unitary Theory (1989), consequential validity  has  become  a  facet  of  validity  framework,  when  the  researchers  began  to focus  on  the  test  use  and  test  score  interpretation.  Moreover,  Bachman  &  Palmer (1996) include the consequential validity into the Test Usefulness Framework, which further  expands  the  definition  of  validity.  Therefore,  washback,  which  studies  the effect of a test, is a facet of validity study and assumes a great significance. CET-4,  as  a  large-scale  and  high-stakes  standardized  test,  used  for  measuring students’  English  proficiency  at  tertiary  level,  has  been  carried  out  for  twenty-nine years  (1987-2016).  Due  to  its  large  population  and  various  functions,  CET-4  is  of good  reliability  and  validity  and  produces  great  social  impact.  The  fact  that  such  a large-scale test can develop so steadily for two decades proves that it has satisfied the need of the society and has been universally approved (Yang, 2003). Studies related to washback  of  CET-4  are  conducted.  According  to  Hughes,  a  test  first  influences  its participants,  and  this  kind  of  influence  will  further  affect  the  process  and  product, which  is  his  PPP  model  (Hughes,  1989).  As  the  direct  participants  or  stakeholders, students’ attitude and behavior are quite important for the teachers and test developers. 
.........

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 

2.1 Introduction to CET-4 and Listening Sub-Tests 
Held  biannually  and  administrated  by  the  NCET  under  the  leadership  of  the Higher Education Department, the Ministry of Education (Jin & Yang, 2006), CET-4 aims  at  measuring  non-English  majors’  English  proficiency  at  tertiary  level  in mainland  China.  The  test  battery  has  two  levels,  which  are  CET-4  and  CET-6.  In general, any non-English major has access to take CET-4 from the sophomore year to the  senior  year.  For  CET-6,  it  is  only  accessible  to  those  who  first  pass  CET-4.  The task  types  in  each  test  are  the  sam本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。