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4. Describe two strategies that judges have developed to address international conflicts between national criminal laws when judging cases concerning transnational crimes.

Firstly, judges would normally refer to treaties and conventions expressly recognized by the states concerned provided that the treaty or convention was not in conflict with jus cogens. Secondly, if there were no treaties or conventions applicable, established customary rules would be consulted.

5. Name three examples of transnational legal cooperation, other than extradition, that mutual legal assistance in criminal matters typically addresses and list three reasons typically used for refusal of extradition requests.

I. A. Effecting service of judicial documents ;
B. Exchanging information on criminal matters.
C. Taking evidence or statements from persons.
II. Extradition is usually not granted in the following circumstance:
A. If the offence for which extradition is requested is regarded as a political offence;
B. If there are grounds to believe the request has been made to prosecute or punish a person on account of that person’s race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin, political opinions, sex or status, or that the person’s position may be prejudiced for any of these reasons;
C. If the offence is an offence under military law and not also an offence under criminal law.