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e ability to get others obey orders voluntarily; the actions that perform the leading role; the ability to affect human behavior in the process of completing a task. It can be explained as either the reality of giving guidance or the potential capacity to lead. When viewing leadership as an abstract term, the word means that the person who owns the ability have the skill of competency of leadership. In more abstract situation, Leadership is the process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goals (Buchanan & Huczynski 2004: 716).
 
The first leadership was “trait theory” emerged in the 1940s in America. The theory holds the opinion that Leaders can be selected by ‘trait match’ but no proven set of leadership traits was developed.
 
New theories have emerged over the last 30 years, which focused on styles, behaviors and results. In the behavioral theories, three kinds of leadership styles are identified: autocratic style, democratic style and laissez faire style. Research findings turns out that no specific style was consistently better and employees were more satisfied under a democratic leader. The behavioral theories also do research from two dimensions of leader behavior: employee-oriented and production-oriented. The research found that employee-oriented leaders are strongly associated with high group productivity and high job satisfaction.
 
The contingency leadership theory defines a leadership style and the situation, and tries to answer the if-then contingencies. Contingency theories include the Fiedler Model, Hersey and Blancard’s situational leadership theory. Fiedler Model holds the opinion that whether a group’s performance is effective is determined by the coordination of leadership style and the leader’s ability to control and influence. Hersey and Blancard’s situational leadership theory focuses on the workers. The theory thinks that workers’ willingness determines the proper leadership style. Willingness can be demonstrated as the extent how much workers want to finish a task. Workers’ willingness varies with many factors rather than keeping stable. The objective of leaders is trying to increase workers’ willingness.
 
The situational leadership theory assesses readiness of workers, such as task readiness, psychological readiness and worker readiness. In this theory, every new worker begins without the ability and the willingness. Different workers grow at different speeds and their readiness can move backwards as well as forward. Workers should be told what their weakness are rather than to blame when perform poorly. Both under-leadership and over-leadership should be avoided in the management.
 
2.3 Leadership vs Management
 Leadership is often considered to have the similar meaning with management. However, there are still many differences between the two definitions. Leadership brings about change and movement, but management creates orders and consistency. In detail, leadership establishes directions, such as create a vision, clarify big pictures and set strategies. Then, leadership aligns workers. They communicate objectives, seek commitment and build teams and coalitions. During the entire process of leadership, motivating and inspiring is the main method to achieve goals, such as inspire and energize, empower the subordinates and satisfy their requirements. However, management 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。