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s a philosopher conception in theworks of the famous German philosopher Immannel Kant (1781). However, Kant usedschema as a philosophic term instead of a pedagogic one. From then on, lots of scholarshave used different terms referred to schema, such as “scene”, “scenario”, “frame”, “script”,“model”, “theory” and so on. The concept of schema or schemata was firstly used as apsychological term by lots of psychologists. The English psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett(1932) was one of representatives. Bartlett studied and applied Schema Theory at theearliest stages. He believes that schemata are abstract hypothetical structures thatincorporate general knowledge into a systematically organizational framework.However, during the 1920s to the 1960s, Bartlett’s description of schema was toovague to be applied into any testable researches or studies. Few people have paid muchattention to his researches (Carrel, 1983).During the 1970s, schema theory welcomed its heyday. One of the main reasons wasthe application of artificial intelligence. Some researchers are trying to study how to usecomputers to read natural text. From then on, Schema theory had also extended to someother fields. Schema theory has got some key theoretical developments in several fields,such as psychology, linguistics, anthropology and artificial intelligence (Carrel, 1983).
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2.2 Previous Researches at home and abroad
Immannel Kant is the first person who mentioned the term schema in his works. Thedevelopment of schema theory has witnessed its contribution from a group of scholars.They are Piaget, Bartlett, Rumelhart and Ausubel.Jean Piaget introduced the word schema into psychological areas. On his researchabout intellectual potential develops, Piaget first used this term. A child is born with a fewhighly organized reflexes such as sucking, looking, reaching and grasping. Rather thandiscussing individual occurrence of any one of these reflexes, Piaget chose to talk about thegeneral potential to do such thing. The potential to act in a certain way was labeled asschema. Schema was an extremely important term in Piaget’s theory. A schema can bethought of as an element in the organism’s cognitive structure. The schemata available toan organism will determine how it can respond to the physical environment. In the book Memory, Bartlett described the fascinating studies of memory andpresented the theory of schema which informs much of cognitive science and psychologytoday. According to Bartlett (1932), the term “schema” refers to “an active organization ofpast reactions, or past experience.” But Bartlett was vague about just how schemata work.From then on, schema theory has been used and developed by a group of scholars inmany fields. In the 1970s, schema theory welcomes its springtime. Some computerscientists reintroduced the schema theory into psychology. Marvin Minsky was one of therepresentatives. He reintroduced the Schema Construct into psychology through his works.Minsky was trying to develop machines that could have human- like abilities. In the courseof trying to solve these difficult problems, he came across Bartlett's work.
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Chapter III The Empirical Study ...... 17
3.1 Research questions......... 17
3.2 Variables ..... 17
3.2.1 Determination of the Variables...... 17
3.2.2 The treatment to prevent the influence of intervening variables...... 18
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