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Divided into five parts, this chapter intends to present an overall revision ofprevious researches on formulaic sequences, including their definition, classification,role in SLA, theories related to the study and related empirical studies in L2 speakingproficiency.

2.1 Definition of formulaic sequences
Significance of formulaic sequences has been recognized by an increasing numberof researchers who become more and more interested in their nature and role inlanguage acquisition. A great quantity of researches prove that formulaic sequences turnout to be a vital part in LI and L2 development, processing, production and learning(Ellis 1996, 2003; Nattinger & DeCarrico 2000; Widdowson 1989).However, there is no consensus on the term. As Wray (2000) states, the number ofthese labels which are used to describe aspects of formulaicity in the literature hasjumped up to over 40，such as chunks, fixed expressions, formulaic language, formulae,idioms, lexical(ised) phrases, lexicalised sentence stems, ready-made expressions,prefabricated routines and patterns, just to name a few. Although these lables refer to thephenomenon of formulaicity, they have their own emphases and implications in specificbackgrounds. Since the term "formulaic sequences" proposed by Wray (2000) can coverthe wide range of phenomena with different labels, it will be adopted in the thesis.In this thesis, formulaic sequences are defined as follows:Formulaic sequences are multiword or multiform strings which are either entirelyfixed or with open slots to fill in; they are prefabricated, stored and retrieved bylanguage learners as a whole rather than being created from individual items withgrammatical rules.
In the following part, different definitions on the phenomenon put forward bydifferent researchers will be reviewed.As Becker (1975) states, phrases with more than one word are known by utterers inadvance, and then they repeat these phrases with much attention and make changes ifnecessary in order to form utterances. To begin with, combination of some wordspossesses syntactic or certain relationship in the process of storage. In addition, with regard to language production, different fillers will be filled in paradigmatic andsyntagmatic slots in order to satisfy various needs under different social circumstances.Finally, utterers employ certain utterances in different social situations and utterancesthey use usually are not newly created but made up of "formulae and fixed expressions"which are stitched together. Fillmore (1976) adopts another label ”formula” or "formulaic expression" to speakof "language which function[s] wholly or partly as unanalyzed, fixed or automatic unitsfor the speaker". On the one hand，formulaic expressions available for speakers areeither entirely fixed strings that do not need variation or sequences with open slots to befilled. On the other, they are stored in long-term memory and retrieved as a whole likeindividual lexical items. That is to say, wholeness makes it easier for speakers toretrieve and use formulaic expressions, which therefore makes possible automaticlanguage precessing and production.

Chapter 3 Methodology......... 31-35
    3.1 Research questions and hypothese........ 31
    3.2 Material........ 31-33
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