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fer adefinition to it. Instead, Bergen’s version of defining phonaestheme is adopted in this paper:‘phonaesthemes are sound-meaning pairings that are not contrastive morphemes’. And theprimary aim of this section is to present the theories that support the definition above. Thetheories can be divided into three parts, namely, the symbolic theory that underlies thesound-meaning aspect of phonaestheme, the theoretical proof and support of thesub-morphemic status of phonaestheme, and the theory pertinent to the cumulative suggestivenature of phonaestheme. The theories involved below are mainly those of Saussure’s (1916),Langacker’s (1987), Bloomfield’s (1933) and Firth’s (1930).The sound-meaning pairing aspect of phonaestheme is underlain by the symbolic theory.In this paper, symbolism, motivation and relative arbitrariness are possessive of the samemeaning, which is supported by Wang (1999, 2002), Wang (2001) and Zhang & Zhang (2007).Symbolism is supported by both Saussure (1916), as well as his followers, and the cognitivelinguists, like Langacker (1987). However, what is essential to clarify before moving anyfurther is that the two groups of scholars actually hold completely opposite viewpoints onwhat the nature of language is: the former maintains that arbitrariness is the nature oflanguage, while the latter contends that language is symbolic in nature.
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2.2 Brief View on the Related Research on Phonaestheme
The in-depth research on phonaestheme is initiated by Firth (1930) and Bloomfield(1933). Firth’s maintenance of words and thus phonaesthemes as phonetic habits accounts forthe cumulative suggestive value of phonaestheme, which offers the phonaestheme researchwith an experiential perspective. Bloomfield had another terminology for phonaestheme, thatis, root-forming morpheme, which offered phonaestheme the morphemic status, though hehad admitted the difference between the root-forming morpheme whose meaning was vagueand other morphemes whose meanings were clear-cut. Firth’s cumulative suggestive valueand Bloomfield’s morphemic status offer the solid theoretical foundation for phonaesthemeresearch, both of which can be seen as the major contribution to this field.The related studies on phonaestheme can be categorized into three distinctive realms ,viz., first, the research that is conducted to investigate the symbolic phenomenon in language,(Buff, 1998; Wright, 2012; Allan, 2001: 135), where phonaestheme is the instance ofsymbolism, especially the sound symbolic phenomenon; second, the investigation to identifythe meanings of phonaesthemes, including the classical sn- and gl- per se (Williams 2013) andnovel ones like sw-, wr-, gr-, sl-, st-, and fl- (Reay, 1991; Alexander & Christian, 2012); andthird, the studies to validate the psychological reality of phonaestheme or to situatephonaestheme at an appropriate place either as a morpheme or non-morpheme (Hutchins 1998;Bergen 2004; Drellishak 2006). The following passage mainly dwells on the first realm ofstudies, namely, phonaesthesia/sound symbolism, with the rest two transferred to the nextsection.
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Chapter Three Research Design ....... 23
3.1 Research Questions .... 23
3.2 Analytical Tools.... 24
3.3 Data Collection..... 24
3.4 Procedures of the Research .... 25
Chapter Four Data Analysis and Discussion ..... 39
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