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2.2 General Review of Duration Patterns 
In terms of durational patterns for languages, there have been many descriptive accounts.  It  is  reported  that  for  English,  as  the  number  of  syllables  in  a  word  or phrase  increases,  the  duration  of  all  individual  syllables  shortens.  This  effect  is referred  to  as  polysyllabic  shortening  (D.  H.  Klatt,  1976;  Lehiste,  1972;  Turk  & Shattuck-Hufnagel, 2000). Additionally, the effect of final lengthening is also stated as  the  last  syllable  of  a  word  or  phrase  is  much  longer  than  a  non-final  syllable (Cooper, Lapointe, & Paccia, 1977; Nakatani et al, 1981). Similarly, there also have been some significant findings on the matters of durational patterns in the Mandarin language.  According  to  Xu  (1999)  a  disyllabic  word  is  certain  to  display  a short-long  duration  pattern  despite  its  focus  parameters  or  utterance  specification (the opening or the end of the word). Syllables found in a quadra-syllabic word are displaying a 3 1 2 4 duration pattern (the higher the digit, the longer the duration) when utterance is found toward the end of the word, but a 3 1 2 3 duration pattern in a medial position (Y. Chen, 2006).  
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Chapter 3 Research Methodology...........17 
3.1 Research Questions ...........17 
3.2 Recording Procedure.........17 
3.3 Measurements ...........18 
3.4 Summary ...........18 
Chapter 4 Experiments，Results and Discussions .........19 
4.1 Stimuli and Subjects..........19 
4.1.2 Subjects ..........19 
4.2 Experiment 1 .....20 
4.2.1 Stimuli ....20 
4.2.2 Results and Discussions .........20 
4.3 Experiment 2 .....25 
4.3.1 Stimuli ....25 
4.3.2 Results and Discussions .........26 
4.4 Experiment 3 .....28 
4.4.1 Stimuli ....29 
4.4.2 Results and Discussions .........29 
4.5 Experiment 4 .....30 

Chapter 4 Experiments，Results and Discussions 

4.1 Stimuli and Subjects 

The  overall  experiments  had  a  between-subjects  design,  with  two  subject  groups divided  by  their  first  language.  One  group  consists  of  11  native  British  English speakers  (7  females,  4  males)  who  are  all  from  the  Greater  London  area  and  are self-declared  to  speak  Southern  British  English,  Received  Pronunciation,  or  BBC English  according  to  their  answers  in  a  background  questionnaire  (see  Appendix  1 and 2). Subjects in this group were 19-53 years old (average 33 years old). The other group includes 20 native Mandarin speakers (17 females, 4 males) who are al本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。