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ejoration of meaning, since names of animals can express their disapproving when applied to human beings. For example, if we say “She is a cow”. 
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Chapter Three An Analysis of Animal Metaphors  ........ 23 
3.1 The Mapping Modes of Animals onto Human Beings .... 23 
3.1.1 Appearance .... 23 
3.1.2 Behavior ........ 24 
3.1.3 Character .... 25 
3.1.4 Sound .... 25 
3.2 A Contrast of Animal Metaphors in English and Chinese .... 26 
Chapter  Four  Reasons  for  the  Similarities  and  Differences .... 39 
4.1 Cognitive and Cultural Models .... 39 
4.2 Reasons for the Similarities and Differences .... 41 
4.2.1 Reasons for the Similarities ........ 41 
4.2.1.1 The Common Features of Animals ........ 41 
4.2.1.2 Human’s Universal Cognitive Psychology .... 43 
4.2.2 Reasons for the Differences ........ 44 

Chapter Four Reasons for the Similarities and Differences from the Perspectives of Cognition and Culture 

4.1 Cognitive and Cultural Models 
There  are  two  models  in  the  construction  of  metaphor:  cognitive  and  cultural models.  They  are  closely  correlated  with  each  other.  The  author  will  introduce  them briefly.  Cognitive  model  covers  all  the  stored  knowledge  of  a  certain  field.  It  is  not universal. It varies from culture to culture. Ungerer and schmid (2008) claimed that the formation  of  our  cognitive  model  relies  on  the  situations  we  experience.  The background  of  those  situations  are  provided  by  cultures.  From  this  we  can  know  that cognitive  model  for  particular  domains  depends  on  cultural  model.  Cognitive  model  is shared  by  people  of  the  same  social  community  or  subgroup,  so  is  culture  model.  The two  models  have  much  in  common.  But  they  focus  on  different  aspects.  Cognitive model  emphasizes  not  only  the  psychological  nature  of  cognitive  substances,  but  also some  individual  differences.  Cultural  model  is  shared  by  people  of  a  same  group.  It emphasizes  the  uniting  aspects  of  entities  in  a  society.  Cultural  model  is  changeable. Many factors like social progress, life style, people’s thought cause new cultural model. Cultural model can not be inherited biologically. It is acquired in a certain society.There  are  two  theories  in  the  cognitive  model  of  understanding  metaphors.  The first  one  is  mapping  theory.  Many  weaknesses  exposed  in  the  developing  proc本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。