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h the head. As we can see, the agent yisheng and the patient bingren appear to the left of the head. The patient is headed by a preposition dui. And the particle de, which is often associated with noun phrase in general, occur in between the two NPs with θ-roles and the head noun. This is the immediate syntactic context  of  the  head  noun.  Contrasted  with  its  clausal  counterpart,  its dependents are heavily “piled up” on the top or to use another metaphor, dependent  relations  are  stretched  by  the  left-positioning  strings  of complements  and  functional  elements.  Besides,  (9b)  also  seems  to  be stripped  of  tense  and  aspectual  features  a  normal  clause  usually  have, expressing merely the event or proposition composed by the arguments and predicate. 
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Chapter 2 Nominalization in Chinese: Patterns and some generalizations 

2.1 Chinese verbs  
This chapter begins with a short classification of Chinese verb on the basis of its semantics. Lin in his doctoral dissertation (2004) defends a key claim that “event structure is represented syntactically and compositionally constructed from a small inventory of functional elements and a large open-class collection of primitive concepts; and argument structure is in turn reducible to event structure.” And he finds that Chinese verbal system is “closely parallel to his framework in an overt manner”, and draws primarily data from Chinese to illustrate his points. (Note that he uses Mandarin in his work which is equivalent  to  what  I  refer  to  as  Chinese  in  mine,  i.e.  Modern  Mandarin Chinese.) Before presenting a detailed typological analysis, he summarizes three features of Chinese verbal system, which I rephrase as follows:  (12) a. The only primitive verbal types in Chinese are activity and state. Both types of change of state predicates are syntactically derived. b. The majority of monomorphemic verbs in Chinese are atelic. c. The particle le signals inchoativity. (Lin 2004)  Chinese  is  a  syllabic  language,  and  a  syllable  is  the  smallest  unit  that express an irreducible meaning or feature. And each syllable is represented by a single character, roughly corresponding to a lexical item. In obsolete Chinese,  verbs  are  mostly  single  characters,  though  not  necessarily monosyllabic,  according  to  some  phonological  reconstruction  studies.  In modern Chinese, monosyllabic, or monomorphemic (in Lin’s term) verbs express  the  two  primitive  event  types:  activity  and  state.  However,  the contrary statement is not true, i.e. there are some activity or stative verbs that  are  disyllabic.  More  complex  event  structure  are  constructed syntactically and represented by double- or triple-syllabic verb compounds. 
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2.2 Nominalization patterns in Chinese  
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