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has been completed, in the following sentences, we are going to hear about the results of such cooperation—whether positive or negative. As you can see, with just a simple addition of time or place qualifiers, we have subtly adjusted the reader’s expectation regarding the content to come—that, ladies and gentlemen, is the power of writing with clarity!
时间框架有助于读者得知事件的发展。举例来说，上述A句指出「目前正与」，可以合理推断出，接下来的内容将有关政府官员与志工的合作。至于B句是过去式，政府官员与志工的合作已经完成，所以不难猜测出之后的句子将提及合作的结果（不论是正面还是负面）。如您所见，只要写出时间或地点，我们就能巧妙改变读者对文章的预期。各位，这就是─写作清晰的魔力！

Let’s go on to our second example:
让我们来看看第二个例句：

2) Rice farming is predominant in the townships of A and B, which sit 80 miles away from the capital. More than 10,000 farmers have been out of work.
2) A镇与B镇距离仰光80哩远，其稻作农业是主要耕作方式。一万多名的农民都已经失业了。

The problem here is one of setting. In introducing a group of people to us (10,000 famers), the author has neglected to information us where those 10,000 farmers are located. Again, for clarity’s sake, we need to add a qualifier. There are several ways we can do this. We can place the farmers in the townships (as was done in example A andB), or we could place them somewhere else in the country (as was done in example C). Of course, if this was a real news report, we would not have the liberty of choosing where these farmers are located, however, we would still have to ensure their location was clear to the reader.
此句问题在于缺少主角的地点设定。作者向我们介绍了一群人（一万名的农民），但是却没有告诉我们这一万名农民的位置。再一次地，为了让读者更清楚文章的架构，我们需要加入修饰语。有几种方法像是将农民设定于乡镇里（如下列例句A、B），或是置于全国的某处（如例句C）。当然，若这是真实的新闻报导，我们不能任意决定农民的位置，必须据实以报，确保搜集足够的信息让读者清楚知道农民的位置。

a) Rice farming is predominant in the townships of A and B, which sit 80 miles away from the capital. More than 10,000 farmers there have been out of work.
a) A镇与B镇距离仰光80哩远，其稻作农业是主要耕作方式。在那里一万多名的农民都已经失业了。

or
或者

b) Rice farming is predominant in the townships of A and B, which sit 80 miles away from the capital. More than 10,000 farmers in the two townships have been out of work.
b) A镇与B镇距离仰光80哩远，其稻作农业是主要耕作方式。A、B两镇里超过一万多名的农民都已经失业了。

or或者

c) Rice farming is predominant in the townships of A and B, which sit 80 miles away from the capital. Currently more than 10,000 farmers from around the nation have been out of work.
c) A镇与B镇距离仰光80哩远，其稻作农业是主要耕作方式。全国目前有超过一万名的农民都已经失业了。

In the above sentences, the additions help make clear where exactly the farmers are to be found. Although this seem like an obvious solution, you would be surprised by how many times I have had to add such “obvious solutions” when editing work by non-native speakers. Therefore, the lesson here is: when reviewing your written work, ask yourself if every actor is accounted for. In other words, will your reader know where to put the actor you have introduced in the mental picture he or she is developing as they read your work?
上述句子中，添加农民位置的词汇有助于读者的阅读。然而，此解决方法看起来虽然显而易懂，却是非英文母语者常见的写作错误。每当我进行校稿时，您会无法相信我校正了多少次这样「显而易懂的解决方法」。因此，本篇主要课题是，当您回顾写作文章时，问问自己每位角色的时间地点设定是否完善。换言之，您的读者能否将您描绘的故事图像，拼凑成一幅完整的画作。

While today’s discussion might seem simple, I believe it is one of the most important areas that a non-native speaker can focus on once he or she reaches a reasonable proficiency of written English. Missing time and place qualifiers is one of the mistakes that I see the most in my editing, which is unfortu