he status of
Shakespeare before the twentieth century.
Acceptable Version
As Lawrence Levine argues, casual references to Shakespeare in popular nineteenth
century literature suggest that the identification of “highbrow”
theatre is a relatively recent phenomenon.5
Note that this version does not merely rephrase or repeat the material from the passage cited above,
but expands upon it and places it in the context of the student’s work.
5 Levine cites Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, in which “two rogues” try to raise money up and down the
Mississippi by performing Romeo and Juliet and Richard Ill. See Lawrence Levine, Highbrow,
Lowbrow: The Emergence of a Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, 1986). p. 10.
EXAMPLE #5
Varieties of Footnotes
The use of sources can be clarified in a number of ways through careful footnoting. Consider the different forms of documentation and acknowledgement in the following:
With the election of Ronald Reagan, covert operations in Latin American escalated rapidly.6
“The influx of American funds,” notes Peter Kornbluh, determined “the frequency and
destructiveness of contra attacks.”7 In the early 1980s, the Reagan Administration
increasingly used Honduras as a base for the contra war. The Administration set up a
number of military and training facilities — some American, some contra, and some housing
Argentine mercenaries — along the border between Nicaragua and Honduras. “[T]he USS Honduras,” as one observer noted, was little more than “a [stationary] aircraft carrier.”8
These strategies seemed to represent both a conscious acceleration of American
involvement in the region, and the inertia of past involvements and failures.9
6 The following paragraph is drawn from Walter Lafeber, Inevitable Revolutions (New York,
1989), p. 307-310; and Peter Kornbluh, “Nicaragua,” in Michael KIare (ed), Low Intensity
Warfare (New York, 1983), pp. 139-149.
Note: FOOTNOTE 6 provides general background sources.
7 Peter Kornbluh, “Nicaragua,” in Michael Kiare (ed), Low Intensiy Watfare (New York, 1983),
p. 139.
Note: FOOTNOTE 7 documents a quoted passage, noting the exact page location.
8 Observer quoted in Walter Lafeber, Inevitable Revolutions (New York, 1989), p.
309.
Note: FOOTNOTE 8 documents a secondary quotation.
9 Peter Kornbluh, “Nicaragua,” in Michael Klare (ed), Low Intensity Warfare (New York, 1983),
stresses the renewal of counterinsurgency under Reagan; Walter Lafeber, Inevitable
Revolutions, stresses the ongoing interventionism of the U.S. (New York, 1989), p. 307-3 10.
Note: FOOTNOTE 9 distinguishes your argument from that of your sources.
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