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emics): body touch and body distance; 3) paralanguage(voice modulation): speed, pitch, volume, pause, intonation, etc; 4) time language: time orientation (past, present, and future), monochromic (M-time) and polychromic (P-time); 5) environmental communication (interrelationship between people and their environments): architecture, object, color, lighting, odors etc; 6) communication of genetic characteristics, which are considered by some scholars as nonverbal communication; 7) various art forms and media such as painting, architecture, music, film, ballet, and mime 3. Functions of nonverbal behavior in communication In some types of communication people express more nonverbally than verbally. “One study done in the United States showed that in the communication of attitudes, 93% of the message was transmitted by the tone of the voice and by facial expressions, whereas only 7% of the speaker’s attitude was transmitted by words.”[4](P122) Nonverbal communication is significant in human interaction because it is usually responsible for first impression. Think for a moment for how often your first judgments are based on the color of a person’s skin or the manner in which he or she is dressed. More important, those initial messages usually influence the perception of everything else that follows. Nonverbal behaviors and verbal communication interact in communication process. For simplicity, nonverbal communication serves to repeat, complement, reinforce, substitute, regulate or even contradict our verbal behavior. [4](P137-139) 3.1Repeating Nonverbal communication can simply repeat what was said verbally. For instance, verbal statements of agreement or disagreement are often accompanied by a nod or shake of the head to convey positive or negative feelings. We might hold up our hand in the gesture that signifies a person to stop at the same time we actually use the word “stop”. Or we might point in a certain direction after we have just said (when tell a person the way to the railway station, you generally add a little information by pointing in the proper direction.). These could be considered repetition because they indicate the same meaning as the verbal messages. 3.2Complementing Closely related to repeating is complementing. Although messages that repeat can stand alone, complementing generally adds more information to messages. Nonverbal signals can modify or elaborate on verbal messages. The actors or actresses of comedy or skit or short crosstalk are good at performing body language to make their performance lively and more easily attract the attention of audiences. If you tell your friend that you have no money to lend him, you may turn out your pockets to show your sincere regret. You can tell someone that you are pleased with his or her performance, but this message takes on extra meaning if you pat the person on the shoulder at the same time. These important actions help us to complement, complete our verbal behavior. You can see how an apology becomes more forceful if your face, as well as your words, is saying, “I’m sorry.” This function of nonverbal communication indicates that nonverbal communication is supplementary to verbal behavior in communication. If it separates from verbal language, the message conveyed by nonverbal symbols will fail to be understood which results in failure of performing normal human communication. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill stressed the art of speech. Once in hi