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式:位于句首的不定式短语通常应该修饰句子的主语,否则就很可能是垂悬的修饰语。如: To determine its respiratory quotient, the organism was... (显然, the organism不能来deter-mine...)(4)悬垂的省略从句:从句中被省略的主语应该与主句的主语相同,否则省略从句就成了一个悬垂的修饰语。例1: When applying Kaviany s method in our simulations, the modeled objects had an unrealisticshape。应改为:When we applied Kaviany s method in our simulations, the modeled objects had an unrealistic shape.(5)独立结构:指位于句首的修饰性单元所修饰的是整个句子而不是主句中的某个词。这种修饰成分是完全独立的,其形式不受句子的任何部分所制约。例如: By focusing the scene to be imaged on the photo cathode of the tube, the image is intensified.(By focusing...可以被认为不是一个悬垂的修饰语,因为它合理地说明了如何增强影像的明暗度。如果将这个短语移到句尾,句子就会变得通顺多了,即: The image is intensified by focusing the scene to be im-aged on the photo cathode of the tube.)在数学领域的论文中,以“assuming”和“taking”开始的独立结构通常充当修饰整个句子的作用。如:Assuming that distance d is induced by the norm, M is a symmetrical and positively defined matrix.在独立结构成分中经常出现的引导性动词有: concerning; considering; failing; given; judging; provided; provi-ding; regarding;等等。独立结构成分也许能被编辑和读者所接受,但经验丰富的作者和大多数专业期刊发表的编辑还是觉得应当尽量避免使用。

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