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规约性情态动词shall和should在法律英语中运用非常频繁，而shall在我国法律英语写作和翻译中运用得最为广泛，由此带来的误用和滥用的情形也最为常见。由于shall和should用法有较大的相似性，同时特定语境下也存在含义的交叉性。因此，从单词语义和语用的源头来分析这两个词语，才能从根本上找到这两个词语存在一定交叉性的原因。在法律语言环境下，该文对shall和should语用和语义进行了更为深入的探讨并提出两词翻译的基本原则。同时，结合英美国家法律语言的最新研究，笔者对shall和should的翻译和运用提出建议。

1 词典通常对shall和should所作出的解释

著名的牛津词典对shall作出了4种解释，即：1）与第一人称单复数连用表达将来间，如：This time nextweek I shall be in Scotland, and we shan’t be gone long.2）表达强烈的主张或意愿，如：They shall succeed. Youshall not frighten me out of this.3）表达指示、命令或义务，如：Every employer shall take allpracticable steps to ensure the safety of employees。4）表达某种请求或建议，如：Shall I send you the book?词典一般都认定should为shall 的过去式，而牛津词典对should作出了8种解释，现对此等解释作一些概括：1）用于表示某种可能性，如：￡348 m should be enough tobuy him out. I should hold out if I were you. https://www.51lunwen.org/languagethesis/  you should haveseen Marge’s face.2）用于虚拟语气，如：He should have been careful. if I wereto obey my first impulse, I should spend my days writing letters.3）表达某种责任、义务或纠正某种行为，尤其用于批评他人行为，如：I think we should trust our people more.4）用于条件句，如：should anyone arrive late, admission islikely to be refused.5）委婉地表达请求或谦恭地表达接受，如：I should likesome more, if I may. We should be grateful for your advice.从以上的解释中我们可以看到，shall和should在含义的交叉似乎只有表达义务或责任这一项，除此，两者几乎没有相近的意思表达。然而，与词典所作的笼统解释相比，shall和should在法律语言环境下具体用法要远比词典上解释复杂。

2 Shall和should在法律语言环境下的运用与翻译

2.1 Shall在法律语言环境下的运用与翻译
Shall 在《兰登书屋法律词典》（Random House Webster'sDictionary of the Law)所作的解释有三项，第一项便是特指法律英文法律文本中主要表示指法规或司法解释中，表示命令、必要性和强制（expressing mandate, necessity or compulsion, espe cially in statutory or judicial directives）。其他两项分别为表示决心肯定和强调（expressing determination, certainty and empha sis）和表示计划、意愿和预期（expressing futurity, especiallyplan, intention or expectation），而决心肯定和强调实际上是加强法律语言的语势，表达计划、意愿和预期时则一般在实务性法律文体中使用。下文举例来说明这些用法。例 1：A preliminary advice of the issuance of a credit oramendment “(pre-advice”) shall only be sent if the issuing bankis prepared to issue the operative credit or amendment. An issu ing bank that sends a pre-advice is irrevocably committed to is sue the operative credit or amendment, without delay, in termsnot inconsistent with the pre-advice.译文：只有准备开立有效信用证或修改的开证行，才可以发出开立信用证或修改预先通知书。发出预先通知的开证行应不可撤销地承诺将不延误地开出有效的信用证或修改，且条款不能与预先通知书相矛盾[1]。例 2：If the contract is avoided and there is a current pricefor the goods, the party claiming damages may, if he has notmade a purchase or resale under article 75, recover the differ ence between the price fixed by the contract and the currentprice at the time of avoidance as well as any further damages re coverable under article 74. If, however, the party claiming damag es has avoided the contract after taking over the goods, the cur rent price at the time of such taking over shall be applied insteadof the current price at the time of avoidance.译文：如果合同被宣告无效，而货物又有时价，要求损害赔偿的一方，如果没有根据第七十五条规定进行购买或转卖，则可以取得合同规定的价格和宣告合同无效时的时价之间的差额以及按照第七十四条规定可以取得的任何其它损害赔偿。但是，如果要求损害赔偿的一方在接收货物之后宣告合同无效，则应适用接收货物时的时价，而不适用宣告合同无效时的时价[2]。例 3：For the establishment of a company, an application forestablishment and registration shall be filed with the company reg istration authority. If the application meets the requirements forestablishment of this Law, the company registration authorityshall register the company as a limited liability company or ajoint stock limited company. If the application fails to meet the re quirements for establishment of this Law, it shall not be regis tered as a limited liability company or a joint stock limited com pany. If any law or 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。