英语论文网

wrought (species-to-genus metaphor). Since ‘to draw away’ and ‘to cleave’ are each a species of the genus ‘taking away’, one can say with blade of bronze drew away the life (species-to-species metaphor). And since old age is to life as evening to the day, one can say that old age is the evening of life (ibid.).

All metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall into at least one of these four categories, although analogy……to poetry (ibid. 72). This perspective leads to the later theorists making distinction between poetic language and everyday language. Especially in Chapter 21 and 22 of Poetics, Aristotle states that every word “is either current, or strange, or metaphor, or ornamental, or newly coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered”(ibid.70). It is obvious that Aristotle classifies metaphors as lying outside normal language use. They are deviant or aberrant forms of discourse. He also holds that metaphor has no cognitive value and is merely an embellishment of language (Kittay, 1996). Also in this chapter he elaborates how metaphors are unusual…….A metaphor can therefore only describe preexisting similarities. It can’t create similarities (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 153).

3.The Mechanism of Metaphor

3.1 Black’s Interaction Theory

Introduction to Interaction Theory

Interaction Theory was originated from I. A. Richards’ theory. In his definition he says: “In the simplest formulation, when we use a metaphor we have two thoughts of different things active together and supported by a single word, or phrase, whose meaning is a resultant of their interaction”(Richard, 1998:89). The most important in this definition is “two active

3.2The Conceptual Integration Theory

An Introduction to the Conceptual Integration Theory

Conceptual Integration Theory was proposed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner………………………

3.3 Four Mental Spaces

In BT, the basis unit of cognitive organization is not the domain but the mental spaces, which are a partial and temporary representational structure that speakers construct when thinking or talking about a perceived, imagined, past, present……………………………

Conclusion

The study of metaphor is, in essence, the study of how metaphor works. It is the nucleus of metaphor study. Modern scholars discard the perspective that metaphor is a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language, and claim that metaphor is of cognition and is omnipresent; it is a way of human thinking. Moreover, they hold that metaphor creates similarity instead of comparing two things which are based on the preexisting similarity. Hence, the mechanism of metaphor is to interpret how similarity is created. Black’s theory and Lakoffian theory, due to some defects and deficiencies, are not able to give a clear description of the creation of similarity. They endeavor to expound the appearance of a new structure after a novel metaphor, but they fail to do that and result in “isomorphism”.

The mechanism of metaphor is sophisticated. It is a本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。