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a modified language whichbecomes close to Putonghua.

1.1 Previous Researches on Language contact
As a common phenomenon in the process of human language development,language contact has been one of major subjects of research in many recentsociolinguistic studies. The contact between dialect and standard language is aparticular case of language contact.According to Bloomfield, language contact can be divided into two types,namely “intimate contact” and “cultural contact” (Bloomfield 58). “Intimate contact”refers to a language contact in which in the same community, two kinds of languageboth are spoke by people. This situation often appeared when there is immigration orwar happened between two different communities. Widespread societal bilingualismis the unique feature of this type of contact, so is the various functions that twolanguages are target at. “Cultural contact” coming from cultural diffusion is named byBloomfield. Languages spoken in different speech districts have the inclination toproduce this kind of contact, when the linguistic contact has something to do withdiffusion of culture’s items and technology of one linguistic group going to anothergroup. Not like “intimate contact”, “cultural contact” has nothing to do withwidespread of bilingualism.
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1.2 Previous Researches on Contact Between Putonghua and Xiangtan Dialect
Contact between Xiangtan dialect and Putonghua is a common kind of languagecontact phenomenon. With the increasing economical globalization and moderation,there are much more frequent contacts between people speaking Xiangtan dialect andPutonghua speakers. As long as language contact proceeds, they may have an impacton each other, dialect noun variation occurs in such a process.Language contact is a significant impetus of language evolution, especiallybetween standard language and dialects; contact between Putonghua and Xiangtandialect is a common phenomenon of this kind. In a country with diverse ethnics, afterlong time language contact between different languages or dialects, the convergencephenomenon will take place among some of languages or dialects; this inevitablyresults in linguistic changes of the basic characteristics in the language or dialect (Dai,Yang and Yu 3-10). With the great effort on promoting Putonghua, local dialects were,to some extent, influenced by Putonghua in terms of phonetics, vocabulary and syntax.Putonghua has powerful influence on the development of dialects which are mainlyembodied in the penetration and coexistence.
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Chapter Three Research Methodology.........23
3.1 Hypotheses.....23
3.2 Selection of Subjects......23
3.3 Data Collection.......24
3.3.1 Tape-recorded Spontaneous Speech....25
3.3.2 Observation of Daily Conversation.....26
3.3.3 Language Attitude Questionnaire Survey...........26
3.4 Data Processing......27
Chapter Four Results and Discussion...........29
4.1 Variation of Nouns in Xiangtan Dialect.........29
4.2 Social Factors of Noun Variation...........34
4.3 Multivariate Analysis.....40
Chapter Five Social Causes for the Variation and implications..... 43
5.1 Social Causes for the Variation of Nouns......43
5.2 Implications from the Research......45

Chapter Five Social Causes for the Variation andImplications from the Research

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