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tes from the subjective expectation. Both the expected information  and  counter-expectation  information  can  be  expressed  by  specific grammar. Dahl (2000, p. 27) holds that neutral information is a basic category while the counter-expectation and expected information is located in two sides. Moreover, the  amount  of  information  of  these  three  types  is  also  different.  The  information  of counter-expectation  expression  is  the  most  and  that  of  expected  expression  is  the least.  Dahl  (2000,  p.  27)  uses  the  following  figure  to  express  three  types  of information. 
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2.2  Previous  Studies  on  Counter-Expectation  Expressions  and Constructions 
Before the twenty-first Century, Chinese scholars have been using “expectation” to describe some of the characteristics of the Chinese sentence patterns. Lu Shuxiang (1957)  points  out  when  describing  turning  compound  sentences:  If  there  exists discordance between the first half and the second half of a sentence, the sentence is a turning sentence. In a sentence, the first half represents a person’s expectation, while the second half transfers the meaning against the person’s expectation. Lu Jianming（1989）regards “VA  了” as an ambiguous format that can be used to express the realization of results or the deviation from the expectation. Xiang Kaixi（1997）refers that  the  function  of  double-verbed  sentence  (for  example,  戴帽子戴歪了）is  to emphasize the counter-expectation meaning. Yu Yongmei (1999) discovers that such expressions as “在+处所+V” mean expectation（for example,在石头上砍了一刀），while  the  corresponding  expressions  such  as  “V+ 在 + 处 所 ”  mean counter-expectation（for example,一刀砍在石头上）. Heine et al.(1991, p. 192) gives us some ideas about counter-expectation: “In all languages  known  to  us,  there  is  some  means  for  expressing  a  distinction  between situations that correspond to shared norms on the one hand and situations that deviate from  these  norms  on  the  other.  This  distinction  is  encoded  typically  by  using  some marker for the latter, while the former remain unmarked. Traugott (1999) points out that  “in  the  fact”  is  the  predecessor  of  “in  fact”.  This  prepositional  phrase  is  first found  in  the  written  texts  in  middle  English,  meaning  “in  action”.  It  evolves  into  a modal  word  in  a  comparative  context  which  means  the  inconsistency  between  the speaker  and  the  listener. 
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Chapter  Three    RCI  Model——Multiple  CRP  Theory ........ 16 
3.1   Introduction ........... 16 
3.2   Cognitive Construction Approach ............ 16 
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