摘要:本文是英语语言学论文,本文运用“3T”理论(调群切分、调核位置和语调类型)和 AM 理论(自主音段-节律理论)分析了中国英语学习者和美国人所读祈使句的韵律特征,遵循“To BI”和“IVi E”相结合的标注系统,利用“Praat”软件对语音材料进行了标注。
e fact that rare researches are done on the prosodic features ofimperatives and the vital roles of the two, the present study is conducted acousticallyto give a comparative analysis on the prosodic features of the English imperativesbetween Northeast China EFL learners and the Americans.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review
This chapter will begin with the introduction of some key terms, includingprosody and prosodic features, followed by the review of the relevant studies onprosodic feature in China and abroad.
2.1 Definitions of Some Key Terms
First and foremost, the notion of prosody will be clarified. According toCrystal(1985), prosody “refers collectively to variations in pitch, loudness, tempo andrhythm”. In this case, prosody is applied in the fields of suprasegmental phonetics andphonology. Sometimes prosody can be used generally as a synonym for‘suprasegmental’, but in a narrower sense it refers only to the above variables(Crystal,1985:296).In the theory of phonology proposed by J.R. Firth(prosodic phonology), however,the notion of prosody is given another definition. The term is distinguished fromphonematic unit, which is a segmental unit, such as consonant or vowel, whereasprosody is considered as features extending over stretches of utterance. Not onlywould pitch, stress and juncture patterns be subsumed under the headings of prosody,but such features as secondary articulations would also be included, such asnasalization, when these are used to account for phonotactic restrictions, or tocharacterize grammatical structure. Here a pair of terms needs further explanation.Suprasegmental is “a vocal effect which extends over more than one sound segmentin an utterance, such as a pitch, stress or juncture pattern” and it is often used inphonetics and phonology(Crystal, 1985:250). In its contrast with ‘segmental’, it is“one of two main classes into which phonological units can be divided, like vowel orconsonant”(Crystal, 1985:250).
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2.2 Previous Studies of Prosodic Features of English Abroad
It has been widely researched that second language speakers can hardly achievethe level of native speakers in terms of prosodic features. What the second language speakers deviate from the native ones either falls in terms of stress, intonation, or theperception of information structure.It is said by a considerable number of scholars that the prosodic systems of thelanguages are sure to be diverse(e.g., Fitzpatrick, 2000 ; Gussenhoven, 2004 ; Hirst &Di Cristo, 1998 ; Jun, 2005a; Van der Hulst, 1999 ). Languages include differentiatedphonetic parameters like pitch, duration, and loudness to realize differentcommunicative goals. In intonation languages, for instance, speakers make use ofpitch movements and accents in their speech to indicate different speech acts andattitudes. However, in tone languages, speakers prefer pitch height and pitchmovements to express the various meaning of words(Gut .& Pillai, 2014).The earliest experiments concerning the acquisition of prosody in secondlanguage can be dated back to D.B. Fry(1972). He was famous for his experiments onthe perception of lexical stress in English done in 1955, 1958 and 1964. In the laterexperiment of 1972, Fry put emphasis on the acoustic information by native speakersof French in terms of their perception of stress in English. The stimuli was presentedto these two groups of French
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