英语论文网

被动语态是英语中一个很重要的语法项目, 对中国学习者而言是比较难掌握的。而英语中被动语态使用得非常广泛, 它主要在以下几种情况下使用: ( 一) 我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁; ( 二) 动作的承受者是谈话的中心; ( 三) 出于礼貌或语气婉转方面的考虑, 不愿说出动作的执行者是谁; ( 四) 为使句子得到更好的安排。第一种情况最为普遍。在《新编英语语法教程》中指出,“态”( VOICE) 是个语法范畴, 它是一种动词形式, 表示动词的主语于该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时, 动词用主动语态( ACTIVE VOICE) ;如果主语是动作的承受者, 动词使用被动语态( PASSIVE VOICE) 。英语动词的被动语态通常是由助动词 be+ 及物动词的 ed 分词构成,它通常有六种时体形式: 即一般现在时,一般过去时,现在进行体,过去进行体,现在完成体和过去完成体。例如:
English is spoken almost all over the world.
The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
My car is being repaired at the moment.
He said a new system was being used in their factory.
This car has been driven a long way.
Her shoes had never been cleaned.
被动语态除了这六种基本形式外, 在情态助动词或 be going to, have to 等半助动词后面的不等式也可以使用被动结构。例如:
This dress can’t be washed here.
It used to be done like this.
Your hair must have been dyed.
The wall is going to be painted blue.
非限定动词的被动结构是指由助动词 be 的非限定形式+- ed 分词构成的被动结构, 分为不定式被动结构( 如 to be done)和- ing 分词被动结构(如 being done)。例如:
These flowers need to be watered.
I love being asked to parties.
I began to be educated when I was six.
They enjoy being consulted.

一、在法律英语中, 被动语态的使用与普通英语有许多相同的地方, 但也有一些不同
在基本结构上, 普通英语中被动语态的形式根据谓语动词和时体的不同, 有多种形式; 非谓语动词也有几种形式。而在法律英语中, 被动语态的结构形式相应要简单一些。由于法律文书重点陈述的是过去和现在的事实或双方的权利和义务, 因此很多时候都使用一般过去时、一般现在时和一般将来时。例如:
The ship was destined for Tokyo.(船是开往日本的。)
Seller agrees that goods shipped to Buyer under this order will be produced in compliance with the Fair Standard Act. ( 供方保证按本订单发送给需方的货物均是按《公平劳动标准法》规定生产制造。)
If price is not stated in this order,it is agreed that the goods shall be billed at the price last quoted,or billed at the prevailing market price,whichever is lower.( 如本定单未就价格作出规定, 货物应按最后报价或现行市价付款 ( 以低者为准) 。)
但有时也可以用进行体或完成体。例如:
Seller represents that the merchandise covered by this order was not manufactured and is not being sold or priced in violation of any federal, state or local law. ( 供方保证本定单所涉及货物之生产销售和定价均不得触犯任何联邦州或地方法律。)
When one Party removes and replaces any directors whom it has been appointed , it shall give written notice to the other Parties, the former and newly appointed directors and the Joint Venture Company, and state the reasons therefore.( 如一方要撤换或替换任何董事, 应向其他方原董事、新任董事和合营公司发出书面通知, 并说明其情由。)

二、在法律英语中, 除了谓语常用被动形式外, 还用动词不定式的被动结构和分词的被动结构作定语或状语
The provisional Invoice will be made out for quality of 72% of Ca3P2O8 and on shipped weight in B/L less 1%.( 临时性的发票按质量为 72%碳酸三鈣并按提单所列的装运重量减 1%开具。Shipped 作 weight 的定语。)
Party B shall, if required by Party A, provide to Party A financial statements in such form and at such intervals as Party A may require. (经甲方要求, 乙方应按照甲方要求的格式和时间间隔提交财务报表。if required by Party A 是条件状语从句if Party B is required by Party A 的简略形式, 在句中作状语。)Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, banks will accept a document bearing a date of issuance prior to that of the credit,subject to such document being presented within the time limits set out in the credit. (除非信用证另有规定, 银行将接受出单日期早于信用证开证日期的单据, 但是, 该单据须在信用证规定的时限内提交。being presented 是 document 的后置定语。)
In consideration of the payments to be made by the Purchaser to the Supplier as hereinafter mentioned, the Supplier hereby covenants with the Purchaser to provide the Goods and 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。