申请MBA essay范文:全球不平等与发展 [2]
论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2016-08-18编辑:cinq点击率:7308
论文字数:3000论文编号:org201608181825505569语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:申请MBA essay范文社会经济不平等essay代写
摘要:本文是留学生申请MBA essay范文,主要内容是通过比较两个制度,对社会和经济的不平等影响进行说明,并且举出国家例子来回答一系列问题。
不平等的关系
Definition of democracy 民主的定义
The original meaning of democracy is the rule of the ordinary citizens (Birch 2002). Modern democratic regimes grant people political powers (e.g. the rights to vote for governmental representatives and leaders and to participate in referendum), featured by citizens' equally political rights to influence government's policy-making to meet their interests (Heywood 2000).
Theories and evidence on democracy's impacts on socioeconomic inequalities reduction
民主对社会经济不平等现象影响的理论与实证研究
The conventional view, held by scholars from Aristotle, Mill, Schumpeter, to Key (Lenski 1966), was that democracy, through decentralizing political powers, could reduce socioeconomic inequalities (Gradstein and Milanovic 2004). Undeniably, there are democracies with achievements in reducing socioeconomic inequalities. For example, Costa Rica has the most equitable distributions in terms of income, education and health; with determinant political wills to reduce socioeconomic inequalities, Canada and Denmark experience success after implementing fiscal and social policies in the poor's interests (UNDP 2002). In the views of Lipset (Gradstein and Milanovic 2004) and Sen (1999), theoretically, democracy's success in reducing these inequalities is because the poor and disadvantaged are franchised with political rights, including voting, criticizing and protesting; and the rulers who seek their votes in elections tend to have pressure and incentive to make policies beneficial to them, which eventually leads to the reduction of socioeconomic inequalities (Sen 1999).
Nevertheless, if these scholars are correct that democratic mechanisms are able to reduce economic and social inequalities, why there are still severe socioeconomic inequalities remaining in some democracies? For instance, in the U.S., the average income growth rate of its richest 1% of families (140%) was more than ten times of that of its median earning families (9%) between 1979 and 1997, and children of ethnic minority, such as African Americans, have less opportunity to enter high-quality schools, because they have comparatively poorer parental education than their American white counterparts, and consequently worse performance in functional literacy tests. Also, democratic Brazil has the world's largest socioeconomic inequalities (UNDP 2002). Anecdotal evidence like these examples imply that the assumption of democracy's positive impacts on reducing socioeconomic inequalities is arguable, and the theoretical reasons why democracy fail to reduce these inequalities are various.
One possible reason, proposed by Nelson (2007), is that the measures taken by democracies in these aspects are sometimes of insignificant help in the long run, because they are usually short-term election strategies (campaign promises) adopted by politicians to gain more votes that are later abolished by the implementing bureaucracies. Therefore, maybe as Human Development Report (UNDP 2002) says, only democracies (e.g. Canada and Denmark) with long-term wills and policies are able to reduce socioeconomic inequalities, otherwise, democracy, in general, does not necessarily reduce these inequalities.
Another reason is related to its innate characters. For example, Przeworski and Bermeo (2009) believe that democracy is essentially a political revoluti
本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。