申请MBA essay范文:全球不平等与发展 [4]
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关键词:申请MBA essay范文社会经济不平等essay代写
摘要:本文是留学生申请MBA essay范文,主要内容是通过比较两个制度,对社会和经济的不平等影响进行说明,并且举出国家例子来回答一系列问题。
al goods and services are limited with respect to the poor, while oriented to the ruling class and their interests-associated groups (Lewis 2008). Also, according to the Gini coefficient (a standard measure of income inequality), economic gap in autocracies, such as China and Singapore, is larger than that in democracies like Japan (.44, .47 and .25 respectively) (Verweij and Pelizzo 2009). The reason why socioeconomic inequalities remain serious in these autocracies, according to Lewis (2008) and Nobel Prize Laureate Sen (1999), is that the absence of competitive politics, such as fair elections, gives less accountability and incentive to autocratic rulers to listen to and to server their people.
However, an opposite opinion is expressed by Hayek (1976) and Beitz (Gradstein and Milanovic 2004) who advocate that autocracies are better suited to the reduction of socioeconomic inequalities. Indeed, there exist autocratic instances of better achievements than democracies in the reduction of these inequalities. This is exemplified by certain East Asian countries (e.g. South Korea) and by the post-communist countries in East Europe, which had less income inequality before they changed from autocratic to democratic states (Gradstein and Milanovic 2004). In addition, while Singapore fails to address its economic inequality, its outstanding performance in reducing social inequality cannot be ignored. Since the establishment of one-party rule by the People Active Party (PAP) in 1963, PAP has tried to maintain its power through extending social welfare programs (Acemoglu and Robinson 2006), including building HDB for low-paid citizens, financing worker-training programs, investing in education and the like, leading to its low level of social inequality over the last four decades (Verweij and Pelizzo 2009). The anecdotal evidence of autocracies' achievements in socioeconomic inequalities reduction breaks the theoretical hypo
thesis of Sen (1999) and others that centralization of powers escalates these inequalities.
Autocratic achievements in these areas are explainable from the perspective that in order to consolidate the ruling position, leaders need to gain reputation from their people through distributing resources to satisfy their needs (Lenski 1966). This means that, like democrats, autocrats also need to consider improved provisions of social goods and services to the common people so as to maintain political position. Therefore, reducing socioeconomic inequality in autocracies is not impossible. Furthermore, compared with democratic regime, autocratic regime could be more efficient in proposing and implementing egalitarian economic and social policies. Specifically, under democratic regime, pro-poor policies might easily be postponed or cancelled by objections from the middle-and-upper class who fear that their wealth would be expropriated (Nelson 2007); while in autocratic regime the single ruler or ruling party could make and implement pro-poor policies due to the lack of political obstacles, thereby making reduction in socioeconomic inequalities feasible.
Of course, the above assumption of autocracy's ability to reduce socioeconomic is based on the prerequisite that rulers are aware of the significant correlation between socioeconomic inequalities reduction and the stability of their governments (the less level of livelihood, the higher risk of political unrest (Collier 2007)) (Lewis 2008) and
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