英语论文网

留学生硕士论文 英国论文 日语论文 澳洲论文 Turnitin剽窃检测 英语论文发表 留学中国 欧美文学特区 论文寄售中心 论文翻译中心 我要定制

Bussiness ManagementMBAstrategyHuman ResourceMarketingHospitalityE-commerceInternational Tradingproject managementmedia managementLogisticsFinanceAccountingadvertisingLawBusiness LawEducationEconomicsBusiness Reportbusiness planresearch proposal

英语论文题目英语教学英语论文商务英语英语论文格式商务英语翻译广告英语商务英语商务英语教学英语翻译论文英美文学英语语言学文化交流中西方文化差异英语论文范文英语论文开题报告初中英语教学英语论文文献综述英语论文参考文献

ResumeRecommendation LetterMotivation LetterPSapplication letterMBA essayBusiness Letteradmission letter Offer letter

澳大利亚论文英国论文加拿大论文芬兰论文瑞典论文澳洲论文新西兰论文法国论文香港论文挪威论文美国论文泰国论文马来西亚论文台湾论文新加坡论文荷兰论文南非论文西班牙论文爱尔兰论文

小学英语教学初中英语教学英语语法高中英语教学大学英语教学听力口语英语阅读英语词汇学英语素质教育英语教育毕业英语教学法

英语论文开题报告英语毕业论文写作指导英语论文写作笔记handbook英语论文提纲英语论文参考文献英语论文文献综述Research Proposal代写留学论文代写留学作业代写Essay论文英语摘要英语论文任务书英语论文格式专业名词turnitin抄袭检查

temcet听力雅思考试托福考试GMATGRE职称英语理工卫生职称英语综合职称英语职称英语

经贸英语论文题目旅游英语论文题目大学英语论文题目中学英语论文题目小学英语论文题目英语文学论文题目英语教学论文题目英语语言学论文题目委婉语论文题目商务英语论文题目最新英语论文题目英语翻译论文题目英语跨文化论文题目

日本文学日本语言学商务日语日本历史日本经济怎样写日语论文日语论文写作格式日语教学日本社会文化日语开题报告日语论文选题

职称英语理工完形填空历年试题模拟试题补全短文概括大意词汇指导阅读理解例题习题卫生职称英语词汇指导完形填空概括大意历年试题阅读理解补全短文模拟试题例题习题综合职称英语完形填空历年试题模拟试题例题习题词汇指导阅读理解补全短文概括大意

商务英语翻译论文广告英语商务英语商务英语教学

无忧论文网

联系方式

美国经济学论文 [4]

论文作者:英语论文论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-08-29编辑:yangcheng点击率:20113

论文字数:5981论文编号:org201408252319303927语种:英语 English地区:日本价格:免费论文

关键词:进口代替时代外国直接投资经济学论文economics essay

摘要:在本文中,我们主要关注了外国直接投资,并且认为,,巴西和印度两国的外国直接投资政策的对比可以追溯到19世纪,那时的各自的殖民地或半殖民地经验的差异。通过我们对巴西和印度的外国直接投资的比较分析,说明了历史和制度认知的重要性,这有助于理解每个社会感知外国投资在他们的社会中所扮演的角色的方式。通过这样的行为,我们得到了一种关于这些国家对外国投资采取不同的态度和政策原因的理解。

ain access to sectors that were previously dominated by foreign firms. In 1914, 70% of banking deposits were under the control of foreign firms, but by 1947 this was reduced to 17% (Mukherjee and Mukherjee 1988). Similarly Indian companies had started to dominate the insurance sector (Mukherjee and Mukherjee 1988).

The crucial feature of 20th century India was the rise of an independent Indian capitalist class, for whom foreign domination was the chief obstacle to growth. The history of industrial development in India had convinced the ruling classes of the importance of state protection in providing stimulus to industrial growth. However, they favored state regulation over state ownership.

FDI IN THE IMPORT SUBSTITUTION ERA

Brazil

With the adoption of ISI as Brazil’s main development strategy, foreign investments shifted to the manufacturing sector (rising from 23.7% in 1929 to 74.6% in 1998), while its share in public utilities declined from 50% in 1929 to 2.4% in 1992). This was due to various types of incentives given to foreign investors, as policymakers felt that rapid ISI was possible only with a substantial contribution of foreign finance and technical know-how. The decline of FDI in public utilities was due to both government regulations that made investments in that sector unattractive and the fear of nationalist reactions to the foreign control of strategic sectors.

Reliance on FDI in promoting ISI was due to the government’s pragmatism. The availability of domestic entrepreneurs with the financial and technical capacity to create new production facilities was limited, and the perception was that leaving things to domestic “trial and error” would waste resources and require too much time.

Within the manufacturing sector foreign investment was especially strong in chemicals, transport equipment, food and beverages, and machinery.

In the initial phase of ISI the dominant source of FDI was the U.S., which accounted for 44% in 1951, followed by Canada (30%) and the U.K. (12.1%). Since that time there has been a substantial diversification of sources. In 2005 the U.S. accounted for only 21.6% of FDI, Canada 6.7%, the U.K. for 1.5%, while Japan had grown from almost nothing to 15.5%.

India

The arguments favoring state-led industrialization were fuelled by the belief that the infant industry concept was inadequate for a nation like India and that it ought to be extended to some sort of “infant economy” concept (Patnaik 1979). Rather than depending on the international economy, domestic consumer demand and heavy public investment were to provide the necessary stimulus for industrialization. Even in cases where foreign collaboration and foreign investment were necessary, it was the states’ duty to mobilize loans, foreign aid, and provide whatever measures necessary to protect the interests of domestic entrepreneurs.

The initial policy stance of the Indian government was to be wary of foreign investments. The industrial policy statements of 1948 and other legal measures like The Capital Issues Control Act were aimed at restricting foreign investment. Despite the restrictions on foreign investments, FDI stock increased from USD 114 million to USD 185 million, between 1964 and 1974 (Kumar 1995). In the 1970’s, increased regulation on foreign capital resulted in a stagnation 论文英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写英语论文代写代写论文代写英语论文代写留学生论文代写英文论文留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。
英国英国 澳大利亚澳大利亚 美国美国 加拿大加拿大 新西兰新西兰 新加坡新加坡 香港香港 日本日本 韩国韩国 法国法国 德国德国 爱尔兰爱尔兰 瑞士瑞士 荷兰荷兰 俄罗斯俄罗斯 西班牙西班牙 马来西亚马来西亚 南非南非