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      With China’s entry into WTO, a new peak of translation has already occurred. Translation being generally acknowledged as a complex process, is hard to describe completely and thoroughly with a few words. Many famous translators and translation theorists have been studying the definition from the views of linguistic, communicative, semantic and cultural views since ancient times.

      Linguistic views on translation:
      The linguistic theory focuses primary attention upon a comparison of the broader structures of the two languages involved in translation.
      Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (Source Language) by equivalent textual material in another language.”(Catford, 1965:20)

      Communicative views on translation:
      In view of the limitations of linguistic theory, the communicative theory came into being.

      翻译是异语交际活动，通过语言转换达到交际目的。（张泽乾，1998：472）

      Semantic views on translation:
      把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。（《现代汉语词典》，1996）

      Cultural views on translation:
      Translation means a transfer of linguistic signs. However, culture is closely integrated with linguistic signs. Thus, translation can’t be achieved successfully without considering the cultural factors couched inside.
      翻译是以符号转换为手段，意义再生为任务的一项跨文化交际活动。（许钧，2003：75）

      Although various translation definitions have been put forward, to some extent, translation is more or less difficult to us. When we translate advertisements, we should flexibly translate advertisements in order that the most accurate expression is reached.

      Criteria for Translation
      Translation theory and criteria play a critical role in the process of translation. Translation theory and translation criteria are interrelated with each other. Translation criteria provide guidelines for translation theory and practice.

      In the last decade of the 18th century, Alexander Fraser Tytler laid down three principles in his book Essay on the Principles of Translation by which a translation should be judged.
1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.
3) A translation should have all the ease of original composition. (王治奎,1995:5)
Tytler’s theory provides a solid basis for translation studies and sets a good example for translation theorists. Whenever translation theory is mentioned, Tytler’s three principles are definitely involved.

      Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, the criteria proposed by Yan Fu would be mentioned. In 1989, Yan Fu had established three-character standard in translation, which are faithfulness , e本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。