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produced the most systematic study ever on L2texts from placement essays of 1,457 college students, a corpus of 434,768 words. Shecompared the writings of non-native English speakers (NNSs) (Japanese, Korean, Chinese,Vietnamese, Indonesian, and Arabic) to those of native English speakers (NSs) (English),on the basis of frequency counts of 68 linguistic and rhetorical features. Her study haslocated patterns to improve L2 writing pedagogy.

Chapter Two Literature Review

In this part, the definitions of engagement and related terms are introduced and then acomprehensive review of both theoretical and empirical studies on engagement will bepresented, which could shed light upon the present research on engagement. Next,argumentative writing as a genre and engagement in this genre will be briefly introduced.In the end, the theoretical framework of this thesis is elaborated on.The study on reader engagement is a relatively less explored area, and only in recentyears have a few foreign and domestic scholars come to pay attention to it. Their researchfruits are of profound guiding significance for the present study.

2.1 Definition of Engagement
When you are writing, what do you think are critical elements composing an excellentEssay? How do you make your article persuasive and moving? In this respect, we have tobring in our readers and talk to them, adequately engaging our readers. Establishing aconnection with readers and representing them in writing are of great importance. In anattempt to grope into reader engagement, we should, first of all, know the definitions ofengagement and related terms including stance, metadiscourse and proposition.The view of written text as embodying interaction between writer and reader has beenwell established. Thompson and Thetela raised the concept of “reader-in-the-text” in orderto study the inclusion of a voice that is intended to be attributable to the reader (1995:103-27). Thompson also pointed out that “Any text can in principle be seen as a record of adialogue between writer and reader” and proficient writers try to imagine the expectedinformation of their readers at each point of the unfolding text, and “The text is built up asa series of writer responses to these anticipated reactions” (Thompson, 2001: 58).
The Appraisal Framework, an approach exploring how attitudes, judgments andemotive responses are explicitly presented in texts and how they may be more indirectlyimplied, presupposed or assumed, is quite early in introducing the concept of engagement.Under this framework, the various linguistic resources utilized by speakers/writers toadjust and negotiate the arguability of their propositions and proposals are grouped under the heading of “Engagement”. These engagement resources provide the means by whichany utterance, whether in single-party discourse (e.g. writing) or multi-party discourse (e.g.conversation), can be construed so as to reveal its inherent dialogistic potential – that is tosay, its location and functionality with reference to past, present and future processes ofcommunicative exchange(White, 2001).This approach is based on the notion that all verbal communi

Chapter Three Research Methodology......... 38-45
    3.1 Research Questions .........38-39
    3.2 Data Collection......... 39-42
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