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ual metaphor in daily life as the basic component. Conceptual Metaphorpenetrates into life and literary works as a way of thinking and a means of cognition.
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Chapter Three Conceptual Metaphor Theory ...... 11
3.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory.... 11
3.2 Characteristics of Conceptual Metaphor ..... 12
3.2.1 Systematicity ..... 12
3.2.2 Universality ....... 12
3.2.3 Cognitivity ......... 13
3.3 Categorization of Conceptual Metaphor ..... 14
3.4 Application of Conceptual Metaphor .... 17
3.5 Image Schema.... 18
Chapter Four Metaphor Analysis of Up and Down in English ....... 19
4.1 Physical and Experiential Bases for Up and Down Metaphor ........ 19
4.2 Up and Down Metaphors in English Economic Discourses ..... 20
4.2.1 Up and Down Metaphors Indicating Quantity ........ 23
4.2.2 Up and Down Metaphors Indicating Trend and State..... 30
4.2.3 Up and Down Metaphors Indicating Social Status ....... 32
Chapter Five Conclusion ........ 35

Chapter Four Metaphor Analysis of Up and Down in English Economic Discourses

4.1 Physical and Experiential Bases for Up and Down Metaphor
Controlled by the gravity and our physical structure, we walk upright and have anatural sense that the head is up and the foot is down. When we lie down, our bodiesare the closest to the earth; and when we move away from the earth, our heads are thefirst to leave. We naturally connect our emotion, state, status and the abstract conceptsthat exist in our perception of the world to ourselves. Lakoff and Johnson pointed outin Metaphors We Live By that “These spatial orientations arise from the fact that wehave bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physicalenvironment.”(Lakoff & John, 1987, 15) These spatial orientations come from ourbodies and their way of function in the physical environment view leads to the factthat concepts like emotion and status are expressed in terms of spatial orientations.E.g. Happy is up, sad is down.More is up, less is down.Conscious is up, unconscious is down.Health and life are up, sickness and death are down.When we feel ill, we want to lie down and rest; when we feel healthy andenergetic, we want to get up and involve in some activities. So the drooping postureusually suggests negative mental and physical state and the erect posture suggestspositive mental and physical state. The space we live in is a three-dimensionalcontainer, we can move forward or backward, we can move upward or downward, wecan move to the left or to the right, we can go up a slope bit by bit and go down aslope fast. The world we perceive functions as our physical bodies do in naturalenvironment.
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Conclusion

With all the description and exemplifying, this thesis strives to answer thefollowing question：What kind of economic concepts are usually expressed in terms of up and downand how are they expressed in terms of Up and Down metaphors?Based on the theoretical background and the linguistic data analysis in theprevious chapters, and through conscientious analysis of the examples chosen fromCOCA which are excerpted from authoritative newspapers and magazines I herebymake the conclusions as follows:In Metaphors We Live By, such a conclusion about orientational metaphor ismade:” Most of our fundamenta本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。