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ugh until recently they were 'virtually unknown' (Parker Pearson 2005, 118). Ram's Hill (c1300BC) in Berkshire is one of several hilltop sites in central southern England with massive defences (Parker Pearson 2005, 100). These may have served several functions, agricultural and trading based on their location in boundary zones. Later sites like the defended farmstead at Fenton Hill (by c800BC), with a stockade, seem to show an increasing concern with defence (Waddington 1997, 25), although undefended lowland sites are known (Parker Pearson 2005, 117). The roundhouse continued through the LBA and into the IA, with notable examples from Cladh Hallan, Springfield Lyons and an IA example at Fison Way (Parker Pearson 2005, 105-111; Pryor 2003, 413). Sites like Potterne (c1200-600BC), with vast numbers of animal bones, metal objects and structures perhaps for animals have been suggested as regional centres for socialising, livestock trading and conspicuous feasting (Pryor 2003, 314-15).

There are relatively few burials from the LBA, contrasting with earlier times when monumental and significantly constructed burial areas had been widely used, such as the henge at Loanhead of Daviot in Aberdeenshire or cairns at Milfield, Northumberland (Waddington 1997, 25). During the EBA/LBA cremation burials became increasingly common but after 1000BC they tend to be buried without a container, formerly used were the Neolithic derived cinerary urns of the earlier BA, in shallow pits and by c800BC cremation burial rites seem to have almost disappeared altogether (Parker Pearson 2005, 113). Hutton emphasises the break in monumental site creation and use, effectively at 1500BC and in the urn cemeteries that start to vanish after 1200BC (1991, 132). Had the developing hierarchies perhaps represented by the differentiated burial styles broken down to a more egalitarian society, had differentiation in life become more important or had the overall style of society changed?

The LBA also saw developments in goods, with increased sword and axe production at sites such as Cladh Hallan and Springfield Lyons where moulds have been found (Parker Pearson 2005, 111-12). Much bronze weaponry, including swords has been found at Milfield, in particular Ewart and Coupland from the early first millennium (Waddington 1997, 25). It has been suggested that some of the items produced, such as axes or thin bronze shields would have been unusable for anything other than display or exchange, although a focus on weaponry may indicate a more militaristic mindset. Pryor suggests that only small scale skirmishing, raiding and boundary disputes took place rather than larger pitched battles (2003, 287).

In conclusion, Mike Parker Pearson justifiably suggests that the period from 1700BC is one in which British society changes into an 'Age of Land Division and Water Cults' from an 'Age of Astronomy an Sacred Landscapes' (2005, 130-2). Hutton sees profound discontinuity in religious practices and presumably beliefs (1991, 136-37). The abandonment and sometimes partial destruction of ancient sites, the marking out of new boundaries that ignore previous ones and increasingly invisible disposal of the dead was accompanied by the adoption in some areas of innovative metal forms with new axes and larger swords and the use of more defended sites. Increased regional characteristics in pottery and axes that foreshadow those of the tribal IA become visible althou本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。