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英国的青铜时代晚期(LBA)被认为是很长一段时期，从大约公元前1140年-700年,随后早期(EBA)和青铜时代中期(MBA)，开始在公元前2200年和1500年。青铜时代早期，因陵墓建筑和公共葬礼而闻名,神圣的风景和古迹的创建以及Bell-Beaker现象和威塞克斯文化(Parker Pearson 2005; Sherratt 1994, 250-56)。长期的MBA / LBA看到了结算的改变和放弃传统仪式的地点。根据文物hillforts的发展和变化，似乎变得更加好战。这篇文章将简要讨论在后青铜时期，彻底改变英国社会本质的证据,将开始通过分析景观,气候和农业、居所、墓葬和文物，最后在得出结论前，提出社会的性质和组织。

在青铜时代早期，农业景观已经改变了农业的空隙,树篱,沟渠和墙壁，同时见证了高地的发展。达特穆尔的面积从公元前1500年左右发展得很迅速,也许牲畜超过作物。公元前1300年，至少在英格兰南部，长边沟和银行,在Bokerley堤坝,被迫通过很早的安排,似乎将景观划分为牧场或房地产。有人建议,青铜时代早期的边界，Barleycroft等网站和旗帜沼泽也不一定完全是为了农业的目的或农业合理。

What evidence is there for ‘radical change’ in the nature of British society during the later Bronze Age?

The Late Bronze Age (LBA) in Britain can be thought of as the long period from approximately 1140-700BC, following the Early (EBA) and Middle Bronze Age (MBA) beginning around 2200 and 1500BC respectively (Parker Pearson 2005, 122-23). The EBA is noted for tomb building and communal burials, and the creation of sacred landscapes and monuments as well as the Bell-Beaker phenomenon and the Wessex Culture (Parker Pearson 2005; Sherratt 1994, 250-56). The long MBA/LBA saw a change in settlement and the abandonment of traditional ritual sites. Society seems to become more warlike in terms of the development of hillforts and changes in artefacts. This essay shall discuss briefly the evidence for radical change in the nature of British society during the LBA and will begin by examining the landscape, climate and agriculture, habitation, burials and artefacts and finally the nature and organisation of society before offering some conclusions.

In the EBA, the landscape had already been transformed by clearance for agriculture, hedges, ditches and walls and had witnessed the development of uplands. The area of Dartmoor was intensively developed from around 1500BC, perhaps for livestock more than crops (Parker Pearson 2005, 89-90, 130-31; Pryor 2003, 317). After 1300BC, at least in southern England, long boundary ditches and banks, as at Bokerley Dyke, were driven through earlier arrangements, seeming to divide the landscape into ranches or estates (Harding 1994, 317-18). It has been suggested that LBA boundaries at sites such as Barleycroft and Flag Fen were not necessarily or solely for agricultural purposes or agriculturally rational (Pryor 2003, 305-09). Cattle were certainly important in many areas, such as Milfield (Waddington 1997).

In the LBA the climate of the British Isles seems to have changed, becoming colder and wetter, which, combined with long-term intensive cultivation, led to many uplands being transformed into blanket bogs and deserted by 1200BC (Laing & Laing 1980, 191, 224-25; Parker Pearson 2005, 91-92). New types of crop such as rye began to be cultivated (Harding 1994, 315). Other negative climatic events occurred in the mid-twelfth century BC as indicated by narrow growth rings from trees may have had serious effects on harvests. Agriculture seems to have become more intensive, owing to technological advances, and with a wider range of cereals and legumes and a shift to sheep raising rather than cattle (Parker Pearson 2003, 117).

A variety of habitation sites are known from the LBA, altho本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。