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lity model, CMMI: capability maturity model integration and People Capability Maturity Model (People-CMM); Personal Software Process (PSP); Team Software Process (TSP);Trillium; Bootstrap; Software Process Improvement and Capability determination (SPICE); and Ticket.

3.0 Product-Based Maturity Models
During the 1970s, a few models were developed that introduced information systems and their past and expected roles in evolutionary and maturity stages based on a centralized, integrated concept derived from the mainframe-computer environment (Gibson and Nolan, 1974; Nolan, 1979). This work was built upon by other researchers during the 1980s (Babura, 1988; Earl, 1986, 1988, 1989; Hamilton & Chervancy, 1981; Hirschheim et al., 1988) and was still published until the late 1990s (Galliards & Sutherland, 1991; Galliards, 1999; Weill & Broadbent, 1999).

3.1 Nolan Model
The most famous of the evolutionary maturity models is that of Nolan (1979). Based on analyses of the actual use of IS/IT in a number of large US organizations, Nolan proposed an evolutionary model (see Figure 3.1) containing four initial “stages of growth” as follows:
􀂃 Initiation stage, where batch off-line processing was used to automate clerical work. The aim was to reduce cost where the nature of the systems was operational. At this stage, top management support is lacking.
􀂃 Contagion stage, where the organization would face increased growth in IS/IT applications because of high user demand and expectations. The systems start to have on-line features. Due to this expenditure, the organizational IS/IT cost accumulates where there is little control over it. Later in this stage, www.51lunwen.org/uk/ a recognition of the problem of lack of control starts to surface and a drive towards centralization starts to formulate.

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