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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore socio-cultural divergence1 among contracting parties, members and potential candidates that could favor or complicate the establishment of an effective2 set of common competition rules at World TradeOrganisation (WTO) level. Therefore, the focus is on historical, religious, ideological and systemic differences in relation to competition rules that might otherwise be overlooked during the negotiations, but later prove crucial or even detrimental to the actual implementation of thus only formally common international rules.

I Executive Summary
There are differences between cultures which are relevant to any initiative for international competition law which negotiators must be aware of in the case of theta. These differences include the dichotomy between case law and abstract codification in the West, US extra-territorial jurisdiction and Japanese extra-legal measures. Legal minds have also differed, for instance, over Chinese ‘ritus-prudence’within a ‘spiritual civilization,’ Islamic fatalism, the CEEC’s loss of the old socialist security and the ready acceptance of the notion of the state within developingcountries.Furthermore, competition as such is not the same as ‘anti-trust’ and differs even from ‘Wettbewerb,’ ‘concurrence’, and even more so from Japanese ‘kiosk’ and Chinese jingo Zhen.’ Beyond mere differences in terminology, there are underlying differences in attitude and structure as evidenced by the various models of capitalism, the prevalence of ‘keiretsu’ and ‘cabal’ in East Asia, or state-ownership in the South, and Muslims’ ‘skate’ for those in need.
These differences are partly decreasing, partly increasing (due to globalization of the economy on the one hand, and tribalisation of culture on the other), and have tube explored in order to develop a truly common world-wide culture of competition policy, which is, ultimately, the only means of creating international rules with predictable outcomes.
In the wake of the 1997 Boeing-McDonnell Douglas merger, European Commission Vice President, Sir Leon Brittan, re-emphasized his belief that ‘we need an international agreement on competition rules and smoother co-operation. . . .Otherwise, there are bound to be more and more clashes when powerful competition authorities seek to deal with the same case, applying different rules . . . We must explore all the implications of competition policy for the world trading system’(Financial Times, 25.7.97).

Similarly, at a meeting of the World Economic Forum in January 1998, the European Union competition commissioner, Karle van Miter, highlighted the importance of including ‘competition rules in the new round of global trade talks that is to be launched in 1999,’3 the so-called ‘Millennium Round’.
The European Commission Director-General, Dr H.-F. Bessemer, again called for trade and competition to be integrated into the international rule-based system, but went one step further in also stressing the need ‘to ensure that this system works effectively, quickly and transparently’ (Leipzig, March 1998).

II Background
At the WTO Ministerial Conference in Singapore in December 1996, the EC had officially proposed exploring the feasibility of developing an international framework of competition rules in the WTO (cf. ‘EC Non-Paper’ of 8.7.96). Subsequently, theta ministers agreed to establis本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。