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anes, alkyl-aromatics, and naphthalenes [5], the composi-tion of which varies from batch to batch. For the purpose of this work, we use two different methods of treating the fuel: a simplified model where the fuel is treated as a pseudo-single-component fluid with an averaged set of physical properties, and as a binary mixture of two hydrocarbons selected to approximate Jet-A. Both the pseudo-single-component approach [9] and the binary-mixture approach [3] have been used before for undefined petroleum fractions such as Jet-A. In this paper, we modeled a specific Jet-A fuel with a molar mass of the vapor phase of 132.4g/mol [4] and the vapor pressure curve reported in Ref. [3] for a loading of 3kg/m³. Air was assumed to be a binary mixture with a nitrogen mole fraction of 0.78 and an oxygen mole fraction of 0.22.
The second method of representing Jet-A is to approximate the fuel as a binary mixture. Many choices are possible; we selected a mixture of 0.35mol fraction of nonane with 0.65mol fraction of hexadecane. This mixture was selected because it has a wide boiling range (424–560K), has a vapor-phase molar mass of approximately 129g/mol for the temperatures and mass loadings of interest here, and is in good agreement with the vapor pressure curve at 3kg/m³ reported in Ref. [3].

References
[1] In-flight breakupover the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 near East Moriches, New York, July 17, 1996. National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Report, NTSB/AAR-00/03. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board, 23 August 2000.
[2] Summer SM. Mass loading effects on fuel vapor concentrations in an aircraft fuel tank ullage. Department of Transportation, DOT/FAA/AR-TN99/65. US Federal Aviation Administration, September 1999.
[3] Shepherd JE, Krok JC, Lee JJ. Jet A explosion experiments: laboratory testing, Docket No. SA-516, Exhibit No. 20D. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board, November 1997.
[4] Sagebiel JC. Sampling and analysis of vapors from https://www.51lunwen.org/uk/ the center wing tank of a test Boeing 747-100 aircraft, Docket No. SA-516, Exhibit No. 20G. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board, November 1997.
[5] Woodrow JE, Seiber JN. The laboratory characterization of jet fuel vapor under simulated flight conditions, Docket No. SA-516, Exhibit No. 20H. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board, November 1997.
[6] Summer SM. Cold ambient temperature effects on heated fuel tank vapor concentrations. Department of Transportation, DOT/FAA/AR-TN99/93. US Federal Aviation Administration, July 2000.
[7] Kosvic TC, Zung LB, Gerstein M. Analysis of aircraft fuel tank fire and explosion hazards. Technical Report AFAPL-TR-71-7. OH: Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, Wright–Patterson Air Force Base, March 1971.

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