英语论文网

案例1：
Complex networks describe a wide range of systems in nature and society. Frequently cited examples include the cell, a network of chemicals linked by chemical reactions, and the Internet, a network of routers and computers connected by physical links. While traditionally these systems have been modeled as random graphs, it is increasingly recognized that the topology and evolution of real networks are governed by robust organizing principles. This article reviews the recent advances in the field of complex networks, focusing on the statistical mechanics of network topology and dynamics. After reviewing the empirical data that motivated the recent interest in networks, the authors discuss the main models and analytical tools, covering random graphs, small-world and scale-free networks, the emerging theory of evolving networks, and the interplay between topology and the network’s robustness against failures and attacks.
复杂网络中的自然与社会广泛的系统描述。经常被引用的例子包括电池，一个网络的化学物质通过化学反应的联系，和互联网，一个路由器和电脑的物理链路连接的网络。虽然传统上这些系统被建模为随机图，人们越来越认识到真正的网络拓扑结构和演化是由强大的组织原则。本文综述了复杂网络领域中的最新进展，重点对网络的拓扑结构和动力学的统计力学。在审查的实证数据的动机，网络中的最近的兴趣，讨论的主要模型和分析工具，包括随机图，小世界和无标度网络，网络演进的新兴理论，拓扑结构和网络对故障和攻击的鲁棒性之间的相互作用。

案例2：
The possibility of determining the free energy of stabilization ΔG0 of native DNA structure with the help of calorimetric data on heats ΔH of transition from the native to denaturized state is considered. Results of micro calorimetric measurements of heats of devaluation of T2 phage DNA at, different values of pH and ionic strength of solution are given. Values of free energy of stabilization of the DNA native structure ΔG0 under various conditions have been obtained. It is shown that under conditions close to physiological ΔG0 approaches 1200 cal/mole per base pair.
被认为是在加热ΔH从原产于变性状态转换的热数据帮助确定稳定ΔG0天然DNA结构的自由能的可能性。对T2噬菌体DNA在贬值加热微热测量结果，pH值和溶液离子强度的不同的值给出了。的DNA结构ΔG0在各种条件下的稳定自由能的值已获得。结果表明，接近生理条件下ΔG0方法1200卡/摩尔每碱基对。

案例3：
A method is presented in which fracture mechanics is introduced into finite element analysis by means of a model where stresses are assumed to act across a crack as long as it is narrowly opened. This assumption may be regarded as a way of expressing the energy adsorption GC in the energy balance approach, but it is also in agreement with results of tension tests. As a demonstration the method has been applied to the bending of an unreinforced beam, which has led to an explanation of the difference between bending strength and tensile strength, and of the variation in bending strength with beam depth.