英语论文网

(一)补充关系:and可以省译,或者用汉语中具有相同功能的词或词组如“并且”、“还”来译。(1)But here are some interesting statistics from a little, and littleknown, survey byMr. Poper called“The Public’s Reaction toTelevi-sion Following the Quiz Investigation.”不过这里有个有趣的统计数字,罗柏先生进行的一个小小的,鲜为人知的调查,题目是“从问答调查看公众对电视的反应。”

(二)转折关系:and可译作“可是”、“但是”、“然而”等。(2)He got up early and (yet) he failed to catch the morningtrain.他起得很早,可是没赶上早班火车。

(三)因果关系:and可译作“因而”、“因此”、“从而”等。(3)He fought bravely in many battles and gained their respects.在多次战役中他英勇作战,从而赢得了大家的尊敬。

(四)条件关系:and可译作“就”。(4)Be a little more patient and you won’t get wild.稍有点耐性,你就不会生气。(5)Work hard and you will pass the examination.用功读书,你就能通过考试。

(五)对比关系:and可译作“而”、“然而”、“却”等。(6)Robert is secretive and David is candid.罗伯特为人深藏不露,戴维却是有啥说啥。

(六)评注关系:and可译作“这”,回指前句。(7)He has a somewhat swelled head, and I don’t like this.他有点自负,这一点我不喜欢。(8)They have finished half of it, and that’s not bad.他们已完成了一半任务,这确实不错。

(七)类比关系:and可译作汉语中同样表类比的“如”、“象”等。(9)Truth and oil are ever above.真理犹如油永远升到上面来。(10)AWord and stone let go cannot be recalled.说出的话就象抛出的石头一样是收不回的。

二、结构功能

英语是一种重形合的语言,有着严谨的句法结构。连词and在有些句子中并没有实意,专门起结构作用,相当于汉语中的虚词。

1. And与一些形容词如nice, good, lovely, fine等连用,不再具有实意,与形容词一起表述一个单一的完整概念,可以看作程度副词。(11)The road is good and long. (The road is quite long.)这路挺长。(12)You will be nice and ill. (You will be very ill.)你会生大病的。(13)It was lovely and cool in here. (Itwas nicely cool in here.)这儿很凉爽。(14)Mother will be fine and joyful. (Mother will be very joy-ful.)母亲会很开心。

2. And的结构功能还表现在放在句首,仅仅起承上起下的作用。此时,and可以不译。(15)And when I speak of the nation’s press as a whole, I amnot speaking of the five or six安splendid newspapers.当我泛泛提及全国报界时,我并非指那五六家出色的报纸。

三、语体功能

连接手段和形式与文体有着密切关系,因为不同题材运用连接成分的种类和多少也不尽相同。英语的句子开头处多用and,well,but等词语连接,是日常口语语体的一个明显特征。根据Crystal的统计,在420个分句中多达322个用例。(杨喜娥,1998)And的语体功能还表现在以下两个方面:

1.And可以跟在动词come,go,run,stay ,stop,wait,try后连接其它动词,两者形式上并列,实际上后者表示目的,相当于不定式。但是And句一般用于非正式文体中。(16)Come and have a drink of water, everyone!大伙儿来喝口水吧!(17)Go and fetch your book.去拿你的书。

2.在稍正式的文体中,表评注关系的连词and往往被“which”所代替;表转折关系的连词and往往被“though”,“al-though”代替;而表对比关系的连词and往往被“while”代替。比较:He has a somewhat swelled head, and / which I don’t like.Robert is secretive and / while David id candid.He got up early and (yet) he failed to catch the morning train. /He failed to catch the morning train though he got up early.

四、修辞功能

And的修辞功能主要连力叠用,这种修辞手段往往起到烘托气氛、衬托人物感情以及强调作用。词语间的连词叠用修辞学上称“polyasyndeton”,分句或句子间的连词叠用称“polypartaxis”,也就是重复使用连词and,将所列举的内容连接起来,给人以悠闲缓慢、甚至滞重的感觉。作者常常利用and的这一修辞功能,以获得理想的艺术效果。以简洁文风著称的海明威却是最擅长运用and的叠用创造修辞和艺术效果的大家。如在《老人与海》中,海明威利用and的叠用构建起繁长的复合句,暗示老人与鲨鱼进行的搏斗是多么漫长、耗力,似乎老人的每个动作都显得那么的艰难、滞重,烘托了老人不可摧毁的性格力量:(18)

He took all his pain andwhatwas left of his strength and hislong gone pride and he put it against the fish’s agony and the fishcame over onto his side and swam gently on his side, his bill almosttouching the planking of the skiff and started to pass the boat, long,deep, wide, silver and barred with purple and interminable in the wa-ter.