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e development from the initialdiscussion about the poetic and symbolic features with the approach of New Criticism,and thematic researches to the increasing concern on social and ideological aspects.Atthe beginning,critics mainly stress the poetic and symbolic parts in her novels.Later,with the development of various theories,diverse researches on her works appeargradually.

Early foreign scholars pay much attention to the themes in her novels byanalyzing characters’experience.The theme of spiritual isolation and man’s lonelinesscannot be ignored in McCullers’works.Three critics,Virginia Carr,Harold Bloom andOliver Evans articulate McCullers’concern with man’s loneliness eloquently.Biographer Virginia Carr notes that McCullers,by habitually describing humanrelationship in her novels,paradoxically draws out her way of“communicating acloseness that denied actual physical touching,yet mirrored in one’s pupils theexchange of souls”(296).In Bloom’s view,“the fear of insulation clearly was theenabling power of McCullers’s imagination”(2).Oliver Evans also writes thatMcCullers conceives“the truth about human nature,”which is a“melancholy truth”that“each man is surrounded by a zone of loneliness,serving a life sentence of solitaryconfinement”(42).In“The Achievement of Carson McCullers,”Evans points out“herconcern is with nothing less than the soul of man”and states her clairvoyantdescription of human love and loneliness(302).In“The Case of Silent Singer:ARevaluation of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter,”Oliver Evans elaborates the isolation theme in the novel by analyzing the protagonist Singer and other characters,revealingthat those characters are symbols of isolation and loneliness,especially spiritualisolation.The“unspeakable isolation”in McCullers’writing,as Doreen Fowler states,is“the fundamental human condition”(260).Dayton Kohler claims,in a new way,bymeans of moral isolation,McCullers“has thrown some light upon a dark corner ofhuman experience”(8).

2.2 Studies at Home

Domestic scholars have done a lot of researches on Carson McCullers’s works,but compared with foreign studies,domestic studies still fall behind because Chinafirst knew McCullers in the 1970s,when Li Wenjun translated“The Ballad of the SadCafe”.

The discussion of isolation is hot in domestic studies.Zhao Yiheng,in his bookThe Ballad of the Hunter—A Rough Review of the Theme of McC ullers’s Fiction,byanalyzing symbolism and exaggeration in McCullers’novels,reveals the extraordinarydepiction of isolation.Lin Bin,in“Religious Implications of Spiritual Isolation:Construction of Christ Image and Religious Irony in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter,”analyzes the isolation in the paradoxical depiction of God’s presence and absence.In“Civilization as Reflected in‘Mirror and Nature’:An Eco-feminist Perspective ofReflections in a Golden Eye,”he sees the the golden eye as the image of mirror thatreflects the distorted human civilization,which further reveals the theme of spiritualisolation in the novel.In 2006,professor Lin Bin provided an instrumental overviewof critical responses abroad in her monograph named Spiritual Isolation andBorder-crossing of Text:Study on McC ullers’s Fictions.

CHAPTER III THEORERETICAL FOUNDATION............................15

3.1 The Definition of Alienation........................15

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