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ationalist period, and his writings are full of black nationalist thoughts and revolutionary consciousness. He becomes a Third World Marxist in the Marxist period, and his literary works during this stage pay more attention to class, culture, racial identity construction, and world peace.

2.2 Studies of Amiri Baraka’s Literary Thought

The studies of Baraka’s literary thought mainly focus on his black nationalism, political poetic view, and black aesthetics. Through the analysis of the inheritance, innovation, transcendence, and influence of Baraka’s literary thought, the social context of his ideas including black aesthetics, popular culture poetics, music criticism, national consciousness, and political aspirations can be displayed. Baraka has written several articles such as “The ‘Blues Aesthetic’ and the ‘Black Aesthetic’: Aesthetics as the Continuing Political History of a Culture” (1991), “Afro-American Literature & Class Struggle” (1980), “Cultural Revolution and The Literary Canon” (1991), which record his insight on Blues aesthetics, black art, and cultural revolution. Two important anthologies introduce Baraka’s black aesthetics: Black Fire: An Anthology of Afro-American Writing: History and Memory (Jones & Neal, 1968) and Black Expression (Gayle, 1969). The Black Aesthetic (Gayle, 1971) defines the concept of black aesthetics and becomes a landmark anthology in African-American literary history. All of the above have become important theoretical references for the studies of Baraka’s literary thought. Scholars such as Nitasha Grewal (2014) and Margo Natalie Crawford (2014) discuss the development of black aesthetics and the application and transcendence of Baraka from the perspective of the black aesthetic view. Black Literature Criticism. (Gale, 1991), Amiri Baraka/ LeRoi Jones: The Quest for a “Populist Modernism” (Sollors & Werner, 1978), Mevlut Ceylan (2014), Naila Keleta-Mae (2015), Seyyed Shahabeddin Sadati (2013), and Daniel Matlin (2006) systematically analyze the view of Baraka’s cultural poetics and popular modernism based on text research. 

Chapter Three Amiri Baraka’s Pursuit of Free Expression in the Beat Period ................. 17

3.1 Socio-cultural Contexts of Baraka’s Literary Creation in the Beat Period ......................... 17

3.1.1 “Beat Generation” literature and its influence on Baraka’s literary creation.................................. 18

3.1.2 Civil Rights Movement and its influence on Baraka’s literary creation.............................. 25

Chapter Four Amiri Baraka’s Fight for Black Arts in the Nationalist Period ............................ 40

4.1 Black Arts Movement and Its Influence on Baraka’s Literary Creation ........................ 40

4.1.1 Introduction of the Black Arts Movement ...................... 40

4.1.2 Influence of the Black Arts Movement on Baraka’s literary thought and writing style .............. 42

Chapter Five Amiri Baraka’s Appeal for National Identity in the Third World Marxist Period ............... 57

5.1 Socio-cultural Contexts of Baraka’s Literary Thought in the Third World Marxist Period ........................ 57

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