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In the later period of the Black Arts Movement, Baraka gradually begins to understate his radical racial consciousness. He holds: “Black nationalism is a narrow nationalism that says the white man is the enemy... Nationalism... is sickness or criminality, in fact, a form of fascism” (Harris, 1995: xviii). The change in Baraka’s literary thought is not sudden, his visit to Cuba in 1960 and the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965 triggered a profound social reflection. By his admission, his motivation for turning to Marxism-Leninism is similar to that of the nationalist, that is, the pursuit of racial equality and social justice. After the mid-1970s, he found that socialism can truly express his social ideal. Based on it, Baraka begins to advocate socialist art and believes that the task of socialism is to destroy the capitalist state apparatus and create a socialist society. During this time, he still insists on the literary view of “art as a weapon”. He states: “I am a Marxist-Leninist because that is the most scientific approach to making revolution... I’m still committed to that. Most of us, regardless of what we call ourselves, are still committed to change, complete social change” (1980: 14). At the same time, Baraka gradually returns his literary creation to the American popular culture, including African-American culture, and his artistic concern returns from the “black people” to the “generalized American public”. He realizes the limitations of nationalism and the nature of racism through the Marxist worldview, and that skin color is not a determining factor of political content. The emphasis on American popular culture and stratum consciousness in this context implies a shift from nationalist to Marxist ideology, as well as a switch from a racial view to a class perspective.

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Chapter Six Conclusion

6.1 Major Findings

Amiri Baraka has already been regarded as one of the most eminent African-American literary figures of the last century. He is an internationally acclaimed poet and an important playwright, essayist, critic, editor, and fiction writer, as well as an influential social activist. His literary career has gone through three periods: the Beat period, the black nationalist period, and the Marxist period. His literary works involve different genres such as poetry, novel, play, essay, and different artistic disciplines such as music, film, and television. His literary works not only embody bold artistic innovations but also reflect rich and radical artistic thoughts and social ideals. To sum up, he can be considered as an influential African-American literary figure, a passionate politically social speaker, and an insightful and unique musician, who made great contributions to the development of African-American literature. His writings combined his creative ideas and political aspirations, and the dynamic transmutation process of Baraka’s literary thought is revealed by his literary works of different periods. 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。