英语论文网

Abstract:Passive voice is commonly used inMedicalEnglish. This article analyses the passive voice from the following aspects: vari-eties, pragmatics, vagueness, teaching and learning.

Key words:MedicalEnglish; Passive voice

医学英语是医学领域内人们从事科学技术活动或交际所使用的语言形式,用于医学论文著作、学术交流、实验报告等。语言要求精确清晰,命题陈述要求客观,结论要求科学。因此,医学英语中应避免使用易受个人因素影响的语言,诸如带有主观感情色彩的评论、幽默、比喻等。正因为如此,被动语态在医学英语中得到了大量应用。本文就被动语态在医学英语中的使用做一综述。

1　被动语态与语体

在科技语体语言中,以非生命的事物或过程作主语的情况占很大比重,而英语思维又强调明确反映事物的存在。因此,被动语态句成为使用频率较高的句式之一。在医学英语这一科技英语的分支中,被动语态的广泛应用同样是为追求叙述客观性和规范性而采用的一个重要手段。被动语态因避免了人称代词而减少了主观色彩,达到了突出医学论著注重客观事实的目的。同时被动语态因其本身的结构特征使句子结构更加经济、紧凑。

2　被动语态与语用

被动结构更能突出要说明、论证的对象,把它放在句子主语的地位,更能吸引人的注意。还有在不必、不愿或不能说出动作发出者,或为便于连贯上下文等场合下,也往往使用被动语态。在某些情况下,被动语态还能消除唐突,使句子富于变化不呆板。例如:

⑴Several risk factors for the development ofcoronary artery disease have been identified by epide-miological studies·(流行病学的研究已经确定了一些影响冠心病发生的危险因素。)[2]句中划线处为重要内容作主语,起强调作用。

⑵15 cases had in-travenous urography, among which 10 were diagnosedas bladdermasses and confirmed byCT·(行静脉尿路造影15例,其中10例诊断为膀胱占位,并经CT证实。)[2]句中划线处体现了上下文连贯。

⑶Themaximal antibody response is observed two to fourweeks after onse.t (发病后二到四周时可以观察到抗体反应达到最高峰。)[5]句中划线处没有说出动作发出者,表示客观性。

3　被动语态的常见形式

3·1基本形式: be +过去分词+ by sb·

⑴The clas-sification is predominated by both etiology pathologyclassification, and symptomatic classification·(该分类兼顾病因病理学分类和症状学分类。)[1]

⑵Ciliary activity can be inhibited bymany nox-ious agents·(纤毛运动可能会受许多毒素抑制。)[6]

⑶Macrophages, like cilia, are injured by cigarettesmoke and air pollutants·(同纤毛一样,巨噬细胞可因吸烟和空气污染受到损害。)[6]

3·2省略by sb·的形式:

⑴In this case, methyl al-coholwillbe excreted unmetabolized in the urine·(在这种情况下,甲醇将以原形随尿排除。)[9]

⑵Manydrugs are most rapidly absorbed from mucosal cells·(许多药物为粘膜细胞最迅速地吸收。)[9]

⑶Thisprocess is termed glomerular filtration·(这个过程定义为肾小球滤过。)[6]⑷Urea is formed in the liver fromammonia·(尿素在肝脏中由氨合成。)[5]

3·3其他被动语态的惯用形式如:

⑴It is to be not-ed, however, that arteries, capillaries and veins eachhave their own specialized functions·(然而,需要注意动脉,毛细血管和静脉各有其专门的功能。)[9]

⑵Itmightbe thought that the volume of the replacementofblood should equal the volume which has been lost·(可以这样认为:血液输入的容量应等于失去的容量。)[9]

⑶Ithas been proved that the body s responseto a stimulus is controlled by the brain and the spinalcord·(已证明,人体对刺激的反应受大脑和脊髓的控制。)[7]

⑷It iswell known that atherosclerosiswithcoronary insufficiency is more likely to occur whenphysical activity is restricted than when it is not re-stricted·(众所周知,动脉粥样硬化症伴冠状动脉供血不足,在体力活动限制的情况下,比体力活动不加限制的情况更可能发生。)[5]⑸It can be seen thattheremay be a considerable variation of cardiac dam-age resulting from rheumatic infection·(由此可见,由于风湿性感染,心脏损害的变化可能相当大。)[5]

4　在医学英语中,被动语态还以下面几种形式出现

4·1 have +宾语(名词/代词)+过去分词表示被动:

⑴Allpatientshad theirserologicaldeterminationsdone prior to admission·(所有病人入院前都曾做了血清学测定。)[8]

⑵The surgeon had several facetedcalculi of the infectious type taken out from thepatient s gall bladder·(外科医师曾从病人的胆囊里取出了几枚感染型多面体的结石。)[8]

⑶Streptomy-cin-dependentShigella vaccine strainshad theirabili-ty tomultiply or invade much attenuated by the aboveprocedure·(链霉素依赖性志贺氏疫苗菌株经上述处理后,被大大削弱了繁殖力和侵袭力。)[8]

4·2有些介词短语表示被动意义:

⑴Hewillbe un-derobs本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。