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d dynamics (cited in Lau and Ngo 2004, 689). These studies indicate that individual responsibility is not merely about making people responsible for creative and innovative ideas and products, but also of providing them the knowledge and skills to become innovative individuals.

对决策和解决问题共同承担责任——Shared responsibility of decision-making and problem solving

Organizational cultures that are innovative support shared responsibility of decision-making and problem solving (Rasulzada and Dackert 2009). Rasulzada and Dackert (2009) examined how organizational creativity and innovation affect psychological well-being and organizational factors. Findings showed that the culture must support an organizational climate that endorse shared responsibility of decision-making and problem solving, so that innovation would be a fundamental part of the daily lives of human resources. Sharing these processes support creativity and innovation because group thinking enhances the diversity of ideas and opinions, which can boost the quality and analysis of decisions and solutions (Rasulzada and Dackert 2009, 192).The organizational climate must also allow people to feel and experience that they can share responsibilities in making decisions and solving problems, because this will improve the likelihood of them being more committed and involved with the organization (Rasulzada and Dackert 2009, 192). When this happens, the organizational climate provides the 'tone' for creative and innovative energies (Rasulzada and Dackert 2009, 192). Sarros et al. (2008) agreed that shared norms are also critical to boosting innovation, and this can also be related to creating and promoting a system of shared responsibility of decision-making and problem solving (Rasulzada and Dackert 2009). Pixar's creative and innovative culture also comes from its practices of decision-making and problem solving. It has 'small incubation teams,' wherein directors have to convince the management about the potential of their ideas (Catmull 2008, 68). These teams share decision-making and problem-solving responsibilities, so that they can collectively improve their production (Catmull 2008, 68). These articles demonstrate that sharing decision-making and problem-solving responsibilities also promote creativity and innovation.

授权——Empowerment

Empowerment refers to allowing employees to have the range of autonomy needed to make decisions and solutions that can help them effectively and efficiently perform their roles and responsibilities (Wang et al. 2009, 2). Empowerment is related to respecting individual responsibility and allowing people to reach their optimum potentials (Wang et al. 2009, 2). An organizational culture must also be empowering, so that employees can be more creative and innovative (Wang et al. 2009, 2). Empowerment is provided through support from leaders and managers and developmental processes (Wang et al. 2009, 2). Studies showed that empowering individuals makes them bolder in taking risks and eccentric decisions, in a meaningful and productive manner (Wang et al. 2009, 2; Sarros et al. 2008). Sarros et al. (2008) focused on the importance of participation in the decision-making and problem-solving processes as significant determinants of本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。