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摘要：In view of the current study on pragmatic ambiguity which focuses on what pragmatic ambiguity is, this dissertation makes an attentive study on analysis of the production and the effects of pragmatic ambiguity in Friends which has been regarded as one of the best American sitcoms even since.

美国情景喜剧中的对话及语用分析

Chapter One Introduction
Ambiguity is one of the fundamental properties of language with the presence of multiple meanings, no matter it is for a certain word, phrase or sentence. Actually,ambiguous structure abides by grammatical rules, accords with logical thinking semantically but contains more than one explanation. Generally speaking, ambiguity is not a kind of rhetorical means, but a phenomenon of different understandings, occurring in the course of language usage. Without ambiguity, language will be flat and monotonous in communication.
Therefore, Ambiguity has been a great concern for linguists. Many researchers and institutes have defined "ambiguity" in their own ways. "A word is ambiguous if it can be understood or interpreted in more than one way"( Fromkin and Rodman,1983).
"A sentence is said to be ambiguous whenever it can be associated with two or moredifferent meanings"(Cann, 1983). "Presence of more than one meaning" is the definition of "ambiguity" in Oxford Advanced learner's English-Chinese Dictionary (Hornby, 1997). Regardless of diverse definitions of ambiguity, they just have one common thing, i.e. they consider ambiguity as a semantic idea and mostly involve semantic ambiguity. Traditional research on ambiguity has classified ambiguity into phonological level, lexical level and syntactical level (Chen, 2005), which can easily explain the ambiguity in the following example from Friends:
    (1) [Scene: Frank's tailor shop, Chandler is getting his pants altered.]
        Frankie: How long do you want the cuffs?
        Chandler: At least as long as I have the pants.
        Frankie: I just got that. 0k, now we'll do your inseam.
                                                  (Season 2, Episode 1)

Bibliography
[1]Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words (2"d edn) [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
[2] Brown, P.&Levinson, S. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage [M]. Cambridge: https://www.51lunwen.org/usa/

Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[3] Cann, R. Formal Semantics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983:8.
[4] Crystal, D. First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics [M]. London: Andre Deutsch, 1980: 274.
[5] Fillmore, C. J. Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics [M]. London: Wiley, 1982.
[6] Fromkin, V&Rodman, R. An Introduction to Language (3rd Edition) [M]. New York: CBS College Publishing, 1983: 169.

Acknowledgements 5-6
摘要 6-7
Abstract 7
Chapter One Introduction 10-13
Chapter Two Researches on Ambiguity 13-22
    2.1 Traditionl Types of Ambiguity 13-17
        2.1.1 Phonological Ambiguity 13-15
        2.1.2 Lexical Ambiguity 15-16
        2.1.3 Syntactical Ambiguity 16-17
    2.2 Pragmatic Ambiguity 17-20
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