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2.2.1 Narrow view of evidentiality 狭隘的观点实据
In a narrow definition, as Mushin (2001: 35) notes: "the linguistic study ofevidentiality has been primarily concerned with the status of evidential forms andevidential meanings in morphological systems". This results in the quasi-total exclusionof English language from such (mostly typological) research. Thus we can find that themajority of research on evidentiality in fact, deals with languages other than English,usually more 'exotic' languages such as Albanian, Northern Iroquoian, Wintu, and manyothers (quoted from Bednarek, 2006: 636-637). That is because these languages arehighly-inflectional and there have grammatical evidentiality system, while English is akind of language with a less-inflectional and weaker morphological systems than these'exotic' languages.Willett (1988) confines the study of evidentiality to the source of information andexcludes the study of the speaker's attitude or commitment of the information. Heclassifies evidentiality from a narrow sense into direct evidence and indirect evidence.Direct evidence means that the speaker claims to have perceived the situation described,but may not specify that it is sensory evidence of any kind, including visual evidence,auditory evidence and sensory evidence. Indirect evidence means that the speaker claimsnot to have perceived the situation described, but may not specify whether the evidencehe does have is reported to him or is the basis of inferences he has made.

3理论框架................................13
3.1摩擦的理论实据................................ 13
3.2类型................................ 19
3.2.1介绍................................19
3.2.2洼地“和Bhatia的概念................................ 19
3.2.3摘要................................20
4分类和分布................................ 21
4.1介绍................................21
4.2体现信息分类的收引................................ 22
5结果与讨论................................30
5.1功能体现信息在结案陈词................................30
5.1.1推断体现信息的功能，在结案陈词................................30
5.1.2的传闻体现信息的功能，在结案陈词................................31
5.1.3的信仰体现信息的功能在结案陈词................................31
5.1.4摘要................................31
5.2结案陈词的话语功能................................ 32
5.3摘要................................ 33

3 Theoretical framework ................................13
3.1 Chafe's theory of evidentiality................................ 13
3.2 Genre................................  19
3.2.1 Introduction ................................19
3.2.2 Swales' and Bhatia's notions ................................ 19
3.2.3 Summary ................................20
4 Classification and distributions ................................ 21
4.1 Introduction ................................21
4.2 Classification of evidentials in closing argument................................ 22
5 Results and discussion ................................30
5.1 Functions of evidentials in closing argument ................................30
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