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1.1背景的研究
形态标记是指在某些语言中的前缀和后缀。词汇标记主要是一些动词、助动词、副词，形容词和副词短语（例如：可能、大概、可能等英文）。Morphological markers refer to the prefix and suffix in some languages.Lexical markers are mainly some verbs, auxiliary verbs, adverbs, adjectives and adverbphrases (e.g. may, probably^ likely, etc. in English).All languages in the world have some means of specifying the source of information.Aikhenvald (2004) reports that about a quarter of the world's languages have some typeof grammatical evidentiality. While some languages have a distinct grammatical categoryof evidentiality which is required to be expressed at all times. The elements in Europeanlanguages expressing the information source are optional and usually do not indicateevidentiality as their primary functionthus they do not form a grammatical category.The elements of grammatical evidentiality systems often indicate evidentiality throughmodal verbs, other lexical words or phrases.
As a pervasive linguistic phenomenon in almost all languages, evidentiality has along history of linguistic study.Initially, the concept of evidentiality originated with the early Americanists. In theearly part of 20出century, American linguist Franz Boas (1911) noted that in someAmerican Indian Languages there is a certain obligatory grammatical category which isused to indicate the source or certainty of information. In 1947 when Franz Boas'sposthumous book about the grammar of Kwakiull was published, the term evidentialitywas firstly introduced into linguistics. It took a further decade, however, and thepublication of Roman Jakobson's Shifters, verbal categories, and the Russian verb(1957), for the term to come into common usage (Dendale and Tasmowski, 2000).

1.2 Objectives of the study 研究目的
Although there are a lot of achievements made in the study of evidentiality, theexpression of evidentiality has not been extensively analyzed in discourse processes(Mushin, 2001). Moreover, there has been very little investigation into the evidentials inforensic discourse.Liao (2004) states that "Law cannot do without language. It is an absolutelynecessary approach to study law from the perspective of language."
By combiningevidentiality and American lawyers' closing argument, the thesis aims to discuss theclassification and distributions of evidentiality in closing argument. It is an attempt todiscourse analysis through an exploration of evidentials used in lawyer's closingargument.On the basis of the statistical analysis of evidentiality used in closing argument, thisthesis aims to find out the mutual relationship between evidentiality and its functions inclosing argument. The discourse features of lawyer's closing argument will be discussedthrough the statistics of the distributions and frequencies of evidentials.

2 Literature review文献回顾

2.1 Previous studies on evidentiality之前的研究实据
Evidentiality has a long history of linguistic study. Many researchers have dedicatedthemselves into the study of evidentiality from a wide range of perspectives, such astypology, cognition, pragmatics, language acquisition (such as Willett; Aikhenvald;Papafragou; Ifantidou). However, there is still no consensus on the domain ofevidentiality. Researchers usually study evidentiality for their own sake and focus ondifferent aspects of evidentiality. Generally speaking, there are two different views onevidentially, namely, 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。